SEC Filing - Quanex Building Products Corporation

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

_______________________________

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)


☒			ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2022


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number 1-33913

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QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware						26-1561397
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1800 West Loop South, Suite 1500, Houston, Texas 77027

(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (713) 961-4600

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value	NX	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: NONE

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ¨

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer

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Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.

☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes ☒ No ¨

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates as of April 30, 2022, computed by reference to the closing price for the Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange, Inc. on that date, was $630,566,743. Such calculation assumes only the registrant’s officers and directors at such date were affiliates of the registrant.

At December 8, 2022 there were outstanding 33,130,250 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, $0.01 par value.

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DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for its 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Commission within 120 days of October 31, 2022 are incorporated herein by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page
PART I

Item 1.	Business	4

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	8

Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	13

Item 2.	Properties	14

Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	14

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	15

PART II

Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	16



Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	18

Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	28

Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	30

Item 9.	Change in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	73

Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	73

Item 9B.	Other Information	73

PART III

Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	74

Item 11.	Executive Compensation	74

Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	74

Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	74

Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	74

PART IV

Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	74

Unless the context indicates otherwise, references to “Quanex”, the “Company”, “we”, “us” and “our” refer to the consolidated business operations of Quanex Building Products Corporation and its subsidiaries.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Certain of the statements contained in this document and in documents incorporated by reference herein, including those made under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” are “forward-looking” statements as defined under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Generally, the words “expect,” “believe,” “intend,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “project,” “will” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements, which generally are not historical in nature. Forward looking statements are (1) all statements which address future operating performance, (2) events or developments that we expect or anticipate will occur in the future, including statements relating to volume, sales, operating income and earnings per share, and (3) statements expressing general outlook about future operating results. Forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from our historical experience and our current projections or expectations. As and when made, we believe that these forward-looking statements are reasonable. However, caution should be taken not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements since such statements speak only as of the date when made and there can be no assurance that such forward-looking statements will occur. We are not obligated to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to the following:

•impacts from public health issues (including pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantines) on the economy, demand for our products or our operations, including the responses of governmental authorities to contain such public health issues;

•changes in market conditions, particularly in the new home construction, and residential remodeling and replacement (R&R) activity markets in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany and elsewhere;

•changes in non-pass-through raw material costs;

•changes in domestic and international economic conditions;

•changes in availability and prices of raw material including inflationary pressures and supply chain challenges, which could be exacerbated by political or global unrest such as the current military conflict in Ukraine;

•our ability to attract and retain skilled labor;

•changes in purchases by our principal customers;

•fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;

•our ability to maintain an effective system of internal controls;

•our ability to successfully implement our internal operating plans and acquisition strategies;

•our ability to successfully implement our plans with respect to information technology (IT) systems and processes;

•our ability to control costs and increase profitability;

•changes in environmental laws and regulations;

•changes in warranty obligations;

•changes in energy costs and the availability of energy;

•changes in tax laws, and interpretations thereof;

•changes in interest rates;

•our ability to service our debt facilities and remain in good standing with our lenders;

•changes in the availability or applicability of our insurance coverage;

•our ability to maintain good relationships with our suppliers, subcontractors, and key customers; and

•the resolution of litigation and other legal proceedings.

Additional factors that could cause actual results to differ materially are discussed under “Item 1A. Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

About Third-Party Information

In this report, we rely on and refer to information regarding industry data obtained from market research, publicly available information, industry publications, United States government sources and other third parties. Although we believe this information is reliable, we cannot guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the information and have not independently verified it.

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PART I

Item 1. Business.

Our Company

Quanex was incorporated in Delaware on December 12, 2007, as Quanex Building Products Corporation. We currently manufacture components for original equipment manufacturers (OEM) in the building products industry. The majority of these components can be categorized as window and door (fenestration) components and kitchen and bath cabinet components. Examples of fenestration components include (1) energy-efficient flexible insulating glass spacers, (2) extruded vinyl profiles, (3) window and door screens, and (4) precision-formed metal and wood products. In addition, we provide certain other non-fenestration components and products, which include solar panel sealants, trim moldings, vinyl decking, vinyl fencing, water retention barriers, and conservatory roof components. We use low-cost production processes and engineering expertise to provide our customers with specialized products for their specific applications. We believe these capabilities provide us with unique competitive advantages. We serve a primary customer base in North America and the United Kingdom (U.K.), and also serve customers in international markets through our operating plants in the U.K. and Germany, as well as through sales and marketing efforts in other countries.

Our History

Our predecessor company, Quanex Corporation, was organized in Michigan in 1927 as Michigan Seamless Tube Company, and was later reincorporated in Delaware in 1968. In 1977, Michigan Seamless Tube Company changed its name to Quanex Corporation. On December 12, 2007, Quanex Building Products Corporation was incorporated as a wholly-owned subsidiary in the state of Delaware, in order to facilitate the separation of Quanex Corporation's vehicular products and building products businesses. This separation became effective on April 23, 2008, through a spin-off of the building products business to Quanex Corporation's then-existing shareholders. Immediately following the spin-off, our former parent company, consisting principally of the vehicular products business and all non-building products related corporate accounts, merged with a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gerdau S.A.

Since the spin-off in 2008, we have evolved our business by making investments in organic growth initiatives and taking a disciplined approach to new business and strategic acquisition opportunities, while disposing of non-core businesses.

As of October 31, 2022, we operated 27 manufacturing facilities located in 15 states in the U.S., two facilities in the U.K., and one in Germany. These facilities feature efficient plant design and flexible manufacturing processes, enabling us to produce a wide variety of custom engineered products and components primarily focused on the window and door segment of the residential building products markets. We are able to maintain minimal levels of finished goods inventories at most locations because we typically manufacture products upon order to customer specifications. We believe the primary drivers of our operating results are residential remodeling and replacement activity and new home construction in the markets we serve.

Our Industry

Our business is largely based in North America and dependent upon the spending and growth activity levels of our customers which include national and regional residential window, door and cabinet manufacturers. Our international presence includes vinyl extruded lineals for large house systems to smaller individual customers. We also have insulating glass businesses in the U.K. and Germany.

We use data related to housing starts and window shipments in the U.S., as published by or derived from third-party sources, to evaluate the fenestration market. We also use data related to cabinet demand in the U.S. to evaluate the residential cabinet market.

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The following table presents calendar-year annual housing starts information as of November 2022 from the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) (units in thousands):


	Single-family Units		Multi-family Units		Manufactured Units
Period	Units	% Change	Units	% Change	Units	% Change	Total Units
Annual Data



2018	871	3%	376	6%	96	3%	1,343
2019	889	2%	402	7%	95	(1)%	1,386
2020	1,002	13%	393	(2)%	94	(1)%	1,489
2021	1,131	13%	474	21%	106	13%	1,711
Annual Data - Forecast

2022	978	(14)%	560	18%	119	12%	1,657
2023	886	(9)%	515	(8)%	120	1%	1,521
2024	1,035	17%	490	(5)%	126	5%	1,651

Ducker Worldwide LLC, a consulting and research firm, indicated in November 2022 that window shipments in the residential remodeling and replacement (R&R) market are expected to increase approximately 3% for the calendar-year 2022 and approximately 2% in 2023. Derived from reports published by Ducker, the overall increase in window shipments for the trailing twelve months ended September 30, 2022 was 3%. During this period, new construction activity increased 2% and R&R replacement increased 4% respectively.

Projections from Catalina Research, a consulting and research firm, as of November 2022 include growth rates for semi-custom (the cabinet market we primarily operate in) and overall cabinet markets. The semi-custom market increased 11% in calendar-year 2021, and is forecasted to increase 13% in 2022 followed by a forecasted decrease of 4% in 2023. The overall cabinet market increased 16% in 2021 calendar-year, and is forecasted to increase 15% in 2022 followed by a forecasted decrease of 3% in 2023.

We have noted the following trends which we believe affect our industry:

•the recent growth in the housing market over the past several years has been predominately in new construction which has outpaced the growth in the residential remodeling and replacement sector;

•programs in the U.S. such as Energy Star have improved customer awareness of the technological advances in window and door energy-efficiency, but the government has been reluctant to enforce stricter energy standards;

•supply chain disruptions and inflationary pressures related to transportation, labor, and raw materials have increased causing delays in production and higher prices;

•foreign currency rates in the U.K. and other European nations have changed significantly relative to the United States Dollar due in part to Brexit in the U.K., as well as other international unrest or uncertainties;

•commodity prices have fluctuated in recent years, and to the extent we cannot pass this cost to our customers, this impacts the cost of critical materials used in our manufacturing processes such as resin, which affects margins related to our vinyl extrusion products; oil products such as butyl, which affects our insulating glass products; and aluminum, wood and silicone products used by our other businesses; and

•higher energy efficiency standards in Europe should favorably impact sales of our insulating glass spacer products in the short- to mid-term.

Strategy

Our vision is to be the preferred supplier to our customers in each market we serve. Our strategy to achieve this vision includes the following:

•focus on growth with a purpose and explore markets that are synergistic with existing manufacturing capabilities and expand our market share with national and regional customers and collaborative partnerships by providing: (1) a quality product; (2) a high level of customer service; (3) product choices at different price points; and (4) an expanded product portfolio or enhancements to existing product offerings. These enhancements may include higher thermal efficiency, enhanced functionality, improved weatherability, better appearance and best-in-class quality for our fenestration and cabinet door products;

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•realize improved profitability in our manufacturing processes through: (1) ongoing preventive maintenance programs; (2) better utilization of our capacity by focusing on operational efficiencies and reducing scrap; (3) marketing our value added products; and (4) focusing on employee safety;

•offer logistics solutions that provide our customers with just-in-time service which can reduce their processing costs;

•recognize the importance of environmental, social, and corporate governance by continually looking for ways to reduce our environmental impact, including reducing our carbon footprint, protecting the health and safety of our employees and communities, and engaging diverse workers and leaders, and remain committed to doing good in our community;

•pursue targeted business acquisitions that allow us to expand our existing footprint, enhance our existing product offerings, acquire complementary technology, enhance our leadership position within the markets we serve, and expand into adjacent markets or service lines; and

•exit unprofitable service lines or customer relationships.

Our Strengths

We believe our strengths include design expertise, new technology development capability, high quality manufacturing, just-in-time delivery systems, customer service and the ability to generate unique patented products.

Raw Materials and Supplies

We purchase a diverse range of raw materials, which include PVC resin, epoxy resin, butyl, titanium dioxide (TiO2) desiccant powder, silicone and EPDM rubber compounds, coated and uncoated aluminum sheet and wood (both hardwood and softwood). These raw materials are generally available from several suppliers at market prices. We may enter into sole sourcing arrangements with our suppliers from time to time if we believe we can realize beneficial savings, but only after we have determined that the vendor can reliably supply our raw material requirements. These sole sourcing arrangements generally have termination clauses to protect us if a sole sourced vendor could not provide raw materials timely and on economically feasible terms. We believe there are other qualified suppliers from which we could purchase raw materials and supplies.

Competition

Our products are sold under highly competitive conditions. We compete with a number of companies, some of which have greater financial resources than us. We believe the primary competitive factors in the markets we serve include price, product quality, delivery and the ability to manufacture to customer specifications. The volume of engineered building products that we manufacture represents a small percentage of annual domestic consumption. Similarly, our subsidiaries in the U.K. compete against some larger vinyl producers and smaller window manufacturers. For our kitchen and bathroom cabinet door business, we believe we are the largest supplier to OEMs in the U.S., but we compete with other national and regional businesses, including OEMs who are vertically integrated.

We compete against a range of small and mid-size metal, vinyl and wood products suppliers, wood molding companies, and the in-house operations of customers who have vertically integrated fenestration operations. We also compete against insulating glass (IG) spacer manufacturing firms. IG systems are used in numerous end markets including residential housing, commercial construction, appliances and transportation vehicles, but we primarily serve the residential housing market. Competition is largely based on regional presence, custom engineering, product development, quality, service and price. Primary competitors include, but are not limited to, Veka, Deceuninck, Energi, Vision Extrusions, GED Integrated Solutions, Technoform, Swiss Spacer, Thermix, RiteScreen, Allmetal, Endura, Klinger, Thermoseal and Fenzi Group. Competitors in the vinyl extrusion business in the U.K. include Epwin, Veka, Profine UK Extrusions Ltd., Eurocell and others. Primary competitors in the cabinet door business in the U.S. include Conestoga, Appalachian Wood, Olon, Northern Contours and others.

Sales, Marketing, and Distribution

We sell our products to customers in various countries. Therefore, we have sales representatives whose territories essentially cover the U.S., Canada, Europe, and to a lesser extent, the Middle East, Latin and South America, Australia, New Zealand and Asia. Our sales force is tasked with selling and marketing our complete range of components, products and systems to national and regional OEMs through a direct sales force in North America and Europe, supplemented with the limited use of distributors and independent sales agents.

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Customers

Certain of our businesses or product lines are largely dependent on a relatively few large customers. See Note 1, “Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies - Concentration of Credit Risk and Allowance for Credit Losses,” of the accompanying financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for related disclosure.

Sales Backlog

Given the short lead times involved in our business, we have a backlog of approximately $56 million as of October 31, 2022. The criteria for revenue recognition has not been met with regard to sales backlog, and therefore, we have not recorded revenue or deferred revenue pursuant to these sales orders. If these sales orders result in a sale, we will record revenue in fiscal 2023 in accordance with our revenue recognition accounting policy.

Seasonal Nature of Business

Our business is impacted by seasonality. We have historically experienced lower sales for our products during the first half of our fiscal year as winter weather reduces homebuilding and home improvement activity. Our operating income tends to decline during this period of lower sales because a higher percentage of our operating expenses are fixed overhead. We typically experience more favorable results in the third and fourth quarters of the fiscal year. Our exposure to seasonality was somewhat tempered with the entry into the kitchen and bathroom cabinet door industry, which is focused "inside the house" and less susceptible to inclement weather. Expenses for labor and other costs are generally semi-variable throughout the year.

Working Capital

We fund operations through a combination of available cash and cash equivalents, cash flow generated from our operations, and borrowings from our revolving credit facility. We extend credit to our domestic customers in the ordinary course of business generally for a term of 30 days, while the terms for our international customers vary from cash advances to 90 days. Inventories of raw materials are carried in quantities deemed necessary to ensure a smooth production process, some of which are governed by consignment agreements with suppliers. We strive to maintain minimal finished goods inventories, while ensuring an adequate supply on hand to service customer needs.

Service Marks, Trademarks, Trade Names, and Patents

Our federally registered trademarks or service marks include QUANEX, QUANEX and design, “Q” design, TRUSEAL TECHNOLOGIES, DURASEAL, DURALITE, SOLARGAIN, ENVIROSEALED WINDOWS, EDGETHERM, EDGETECH, ECOBLEND, SUPER SPACER, TSS, TRUE WARM, E & Design, QUIET EDGE, HEALTH SMART WINDOWS, ENERGY WISE WINDOWS, DESI-ROPE, 360 and design, INTELLICLIP, SUSTAINAVIEW, MIKRON, MIKRONWOOD, MIKRONBLEND, MIKRON BLEND and design, ENERGYCORE, FUSION INSULATED SYSTEM, AIRCELL, SUPERCOAT, SUPERCAP, STYLELOCK, STYLELOCK and design, MIKRON and design, HOMESHIELD, HOMESHIELD and design, STORM SEAL, and TENON. We consider the following marks, design marks and associated trade names to be valuable in the conduct of our business: HOMESHIELD, TRUSEAL TECHNOLOGIES, EDGETECH, MIKRON, WOODCRAFT and QUANEX. Through Liniar, we hold a number of registered designs, patents and trademarks registered in the U.K., which include: MODLOK, LINIAR, SUPER CUT, ENERGY PLUS & Device, FLAMSTEAD HOLDINGS & Device, HL PLASTICS & Device, VINTAGE WINDOWS & Device, RESURGENCE, FUSE, ELEVATE, SWITCHBOARD and various other trademarks and patents which are pending approval. Generally, our business does not depend on patent protection, but patents obtained with regard to our vinyl extrusion products and processes, fabricated metal components and IG spacer products business remain a valuable competitive advantage over other building products manufacturers. We obtain patent protection for various dyes and other tooling created in connection with the production of customer-specific vinyl profile designs and vinyl extrusions. Our fabricated metal components business obtains patent protection for its thresholds. Our window sealant business unit relies on patents to protect the design of several of its window spacer products. Although we hold numerous patents, the proprietary process technology that has been developed is also considered a source of competitive advantage.

Environmental and Employee Safety Matters

We are subject to extensive laws and regulations concerning worker safety, the discharge of materials into the environment and the remediation of chemical contamination. To satisfy such requirements, we must make capital and other expenditures on an ongoing basis. The cost of worker safety and environmental matters has not had a material adverse effect on our operations or financial condition in the past, and we are not currently aware of any existing conditions that we believe are likely to have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

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Safety and Environmental Policies

For many years, we have maintained compliance policies that are designed to help protect our workforce, to identify and reduce the potential for job-related accidents, and to minimize liabilities and other financial impacts related to worker safety and environmental issues. These policies include extensive employee training and education, as well as internal policies embodied in our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. We have a Director of Environmental, Health and Safety and maintain a company-wide committee, comprising leaders from across the organization, which meets regularly to discuss safety issues and drive safety improvements. We plan to continue to focus on safety in particular as a core strategy to improve our operational efficiency and financial performance.

Remediation

Under applicable state and federal laws, we may be responsible for, among other things, all or part of the costs required to remove or remediate wastes or hazardous substances at locations we, or our predecessors, have owned or operated. From time to time, we also have been alleged to be liable for all or part of the costs incurred to clean up third-party sites where there might have been an alleged improper disposal of hazardous substances. At present, we are not involved in any such matters.

Environmental Compliance Costs

From time to time, we incur routine expenses and capital expenditures associated with compliance with existing environmental regulations, including control of air emissions and water discharges, and plant decommissioning costs. We have not incurred any material expenses or capital expenditures related to environmental matters during the past three fiscal years, and do not expect to incur a material amount of such costs in fiscal 2023. While we will continue to have future expenditures related to environmental matters, any such amounts are impossible to reasonably estimate at this time. Based upon our experience to date, we do not believe that our compliance with environmental requirements will have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial condition or cash flows.

Human Capital

We track human capital metrics that we consider to be key to our business, including employee headcount, temporary workers, health and safety, and turnover. As of October 31, 2022, we had 3,875 employees. Of these employees, 3,141 were domiciled in the U.S., 622 in the U.K., and 112 in Germany. Generally, the total number of employees of Quanex and its subsidiaries does not significantly fluctuate throughout the year. Currently, none of our employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements.

Employee turnover rates are monitored monthly at the division and plant levels. Both voluntary and involuntary terminations, including retirements, are used to calculate the turnover rate. Our human capital objectives include attracting, developing, motivating, rewarding, and retaining our existing and new employees. We offer our employees online training courses and on-the-job training on job duties, safety requirements, and leadership skills.

For Investors

We periodically file or furnish documents to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and other reports as required. These reports are also available free of charge from the Investor Relations Section of our website at http://www.quanex.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material or furnish it to the SEC. As permitted by the SEC rules, we post relevant information on our website. However, the information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should not be considered part of this report.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

The following risk factors, along with other information contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our other public filings with the SEC, should be carefully considered before deciding to invest in our securities. Additional risks and uncertainties that are not currently known to us or that we may view as immaterial could impair our business if such risks were to develop into actual events. Therefore, any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. This listing of risk factors is not all-inclusive and is not necessarily presented in order of importance.

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Industry Risks

Any sustained decline in residential remodeling, replacement activities, or housing starts could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The primary drivers of our business are residential remodeling, replacement activities and housing starts. The home building and residential construction industry is cyclical and seasonal, and product demand is based on numerous factors such as interest rates, general economic conditions, consumer confidence and other factors beyond our control. Declines in the number of housing starts and remodeling expenditures resulting from such factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If the availability of critical raw materials were to become scarce or if the price of these items were to increase significantly, we might not be able to timely produce products for our customers or maintain our profit levels.

We purchase from outside sources significant amounts of raw materials, such as butyl, titanium dioxide, vinyl resin, aluminum, steel, silicone and wood products for use in our manufacturing facilities. Because we do not have long-term contracts for the supply of many of our raw materials, their availability and price are subject to market fluctuation and may be subject to curtailment or change. Any of these factors could affect our ability to timely and cost-effectively manufacture products for our customers.

Compliance with, or liabilities under, existing or future environmental laws and regulations could significantly increase our costs of doing business.

We are subject to extensive federal, state and local laws and regulations concerning the discharge of materials into the environment and the prevention and/or remediation of chemical contamination. To satisfy such requirements, we must make capital and other expenditures on an ongoing basis. Future expenditures relating to environmental matters will necessarily depend upon whether such regulations and future governmental decisions or interpretations of these regulations apply to us and our facilities. It is likely that we will be subject to increasingly stringent environmental standards, and we will incur additional expenditures to comply with such standards. Furthermore, if we fail to comply with applicable environmental regulations, we could be subject to substantial fines or penalties and to civil and criminal liability.

Our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets may become impaired and could result in a charge to income.

We evaluate our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets at least annually to determine whether we must test for impairment. In making this assessment, we must use judgment to make estimates of future operating results and appropriate residual values. Actual future operating results and residual values associated with our operations could differ significantly from these estimates, which may result in an impairment charge in a future period, resulting in a decrease in net income from operations in the year of the impairment, as well as a decline in our recorded net worth. Goodwill totaled $137.9 million at October 31, 2022. The results of goodwill impairment testing are described in the accompanying notes to the audited financial statements, Note 6, “Goodwill and Intangible Assets” of the accompanying financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property.

We rely on a combination of copyright, patent, trade secrets, confidentiality procedures and contractual commitments to protect our proprietary information. However, these measures can only provide limited protection and unauthorized third parties may try to copy or reverse engineer portions of our products or may otherwise obtain and use our intellectual property. If we cannot protect our proprietary information against unauthorized use, we may not be able to retain a perceived competitive advantage and we may lose sales to the infringing sellers, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We are subject to various existing and contemplated laws, regulations and government initiatives that may materially impact the demand for our products, our profitability or our costs of doing business.

Our business may be materially impacted by various governmental laws, regulations and initiatives that may artificially create, deflate, accelerate, or decelerate consumer demand for our products. For example, when the government issues tax credits designed to encourage increased homebuilding or energy-efficient window purchases, the credits may create a spike in demand that would not otherwise have occurred and our production capabilities may not be able to keep pace, which could materially impact our profitability. Likewise, when such laws, regulations or initiatives expire, our business may experience a material loss in sales volume or an increase in production costs as a result of the decline in consumer demand.

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Our operations outside the U.S. require us to comply with a number of U.S. and international anti-corruption regulations, violations of which could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations and consolidated financial condition.

Our international operations require us to comply with a number of U.S. and international regulations, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and the United Kingdom Bribery Act 2010. While we have implemented appropriate training and compliance programs to prevent violations of these anti-bribery regulations, we cannot ensure that our policies, procedures and programs will always protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees or agents. Allegations of violations of applicable anti-corruption laws, may result in internal, independent, or government investigations, and violations of anti-corruption laws may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions or other liabilities which could have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated results of operations and financial condition.

Failure to achieve and maintain effective internal controls could have a material adverse effect on our business and on our stock price.

Effective internal controls are necessary for us to effectively monitor our business, prevent fraud or theft, remain in compliance with our credit facility covenants, and provide reliable financial reports, both to the public and to our lenders. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, both in accordance with current standards and as standards are modified over time, we could trigger an event of default under our credit facilities or lose the confidence of the investing community, both of which could result in a material adverse effect on our stock price, limit our ability to borrow funds, or result in the application of unfavorable commercial terms to borrowings then outstanding.

The impact of foreign trade relations and associated tariffs could adversely impact our business.

We currently source a number of raw materials from international suppliers. Import tariffs, taxes, customs duties and/or other trading regulations imposed by the U.S. government on foreign countries, or by foreign countries on the U.S., could significantly increase the prices we pay for certain raw materials, such as aluminum and wood, that are critical to our ability to manufacture our products. In addition, we may be unable to find a domestic supplier to provide the necessary raw materials on an economical basis in the amounts we require. If the cost of our raw materials increases, or if we are unable to procure the necessary raw materials required to manufacture our products, then we could experience a negative impact on our operating results, profitability, customer relationships and future cash flows.

Company Risks

Our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected by disruptions in the global economy caused by the war in Ukraine.

U.S. and global markets are experiencing volatility and disruption following the escalation of geopolitical tensions and the start of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine. This conflict in Ukraine could lead to market or operational disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity prices, credit and capital markets, as well as supply chain interruptions. Russia, Europe’s largest provider of natural gas, has significantly reduced the export of natural gas compared to the same time last year resulting in the increase in natural gas prices and the potential for natural gas shortages. In many European countries, including Germany, alternatives to natural gas have limited capacity. This has had and may continue to have a negative impact on the energy costs of our European manufacturing facilities and may also negatively impact our customers and their demand for our products. If supply chain interruptions or other disruptions result in an increase to the price of raw materials or other commodities, we could experience a negative impact on our operating results, profitability and future cash flows.

Our business will suffer if we are unable to adequately address potential supplier or customer pricing pressures, both with respect to OEMs that have significant pricing leverage over suppliers, and to large suppliers who have significant pricing leverage over their customers.

Our primary customers are OEMs, who have substantial leverage in setting purchasing and payment terms. In addition, many of our suppliers are large international conglomerates with numerous customers that are much larger than us, which lessens our leverage in pricing and supply negotiations. We attempt to manage this pricing pressure and to preserve our business relationships with suppliers and OEMs by negotiating reasonable price concessions when needed, and by reducing our production costs through various measures, which may include managing our purchase process to control the cost of our raw materials and components, maintaining multiple supply sources where possible, and implementing cost-effective process improvements. However, our efforts in this regard may not be successful and our operating margins could be negatively impacted.

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Our revenues could decline or we may lose business if our customers vertically integrate their operations, diversify their supplier base, or transfer manufacturing capacity to other regions.

Certain of our businesses or product lines are largely dependent on a relatively few large customers. Although we believe we have an extensive customer base, if we were to lose one of these large customers or if one such customer were to materially reduce its purchases as a result of vertical integration, supplier diversification, or a shift in regional focus, our revenue, general financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our credit facility contains certain operational restrictions, reporting requirements, and financial covenants that limit the aggregate availability of funds.

Our revolving credit facility contains certain financial covenants and other operating and reporting requirements that could present risk to our operating results or limit our ability to access capital for use in the business. For a full discussion of the various covenants and operating requirements imposed by our revolving credit facility and information related to the potential limitations on our ability to access capital, see Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations-Liquidity and Capital Resources,” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We may not be able to successfully manage or integrate acquisitions, and if we are unable to do so, then our profitability could be adversely affected.

We cannot provide assurance that we will successfully manage or integrate acquisition targets once we have purchased them. If we acquire a business for which we do not fully understand or appreciate the specific business risks, if we overvalue or fail to conduct effective due diligence on an acquisition, or if we fail to effectively and efficiently integrate a business that we acquire, then there could be a material adverse effect on our ability to achieve the projected growth and cash flow goals associated with the new business, which could result in an overall material adverse effect on our long-term profitability or revenue generation.

If our information technology systems fail, or if we experience an interruption in our operations due to an aging information system infrastructure, then our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

The failure of our information technology systems, our inability to successfully maintain, enhance and/or replace our information technology systems when necessary, or a significant compromise of the integrity or security of the data that is generated from our information technology systems, could adversely affect our results of operations and could disrupt business and prevent or severely limit our ability to respond to data requests from our customers, suppliers, auditors, shareholders, employees or government authorities.

We are subject to data security and privacy risks that could negatively affect our results or operations.

In addition to our own sensitive and proprietary business information, we collect transactional and personal information about our customers and employees. Any breach, including ransomware attacks or other cybersecurity breaches, of our or our service providers’ network or other vendor systems, may result in the loss of confidential business and financial data, misappropriation of our consumers’ or employees’ personal information or a disruption of our business. Any of these outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our business or our vendor and customer relationships, and could also result in unwanted media attention, reputational damage, or the imposition of fines, lawsuits, or significant legal or remediation expenses.

Epidemics, pandemics or other disease outbreaks could significantly disrupt our operations or those of our customers or suppliers.

If the COVID-19 coronavirus, or any other epidemic or pandemic, disrupts the worldwide economy, or if similar widespread disease outbreaks occur in the future, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected to the extent such event harms the economy or region in which we operate.

Our business could be materially and adversely affected by the occurrence of a widespread health epidemic or pandemic. In particular, any outbreak or resurgence of COVID-19 such as the spread of the Omicron variant, Delta variant or any other future variants, or governmental imposition of mandatory or voluntary closures in areas where our manufacturing facilities, suppliers or customers are located, could severely disrupt our operations and result in (a) plant slowdowns or shutdowns, (b) difficulty obtaining necessary supplies, and (c) reduced customer orders and revenues. In addition to this potential direct

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impact on our facilities and operations, continuing outbreaks of the virus could negatively impact our industry and end markets as a whole, or result in a longer-term economic recession. Any of these factors could negatively affect our business, financial condition, cash flows, profitability, and results of operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had and may continue to create inefficiencies or interruptions in the supply chain as our suppliers may be forced to close their own plants or prove unable to obtain their own raw materials. If our suppliers are unable to timely meet our supply needs, it could impact our ability to provide our customers with high quality products on a timely basis, which could result in order cancellations, delivery refusals, price concessions, or other negative customer outcomes, any of which could negatively impact our business, revenues, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. We could also be forced to pay higher prices for the supplies we purchase, which could negatively impact our results of operations and profitability.

We may not have the right personnel in place to achieve our operating goals, and the rural location of some of our operations may make it difficult to locate or hire highly skilled employees.

We operate in some rural areas and small towns where the competition for labor can be fierce, and where the pool of qualified employees may be very small. If we are unable to obtain or retain skilled workers and adequately trained professionals to conduct our business, we may not be able to manage our business to the necessary high standards. In addition, we may be forced to pay higher wages or offer other benefits that might impact our cost of labor and thereby negatively impact our profitability.

Equipment failures or catastrophic loss at any of our manufacturing facilities could prevent us from producing our products.

An interruption in production capabilities at any of our facilities due to equipment failure, catastrophic loss, or other reasons could result in our inability to manufacture products, which could severely affect delivery times, return or cancellation rates, and future sales, any of which could result in lower sales and earnings or the loss of customers. Although we have a disaster recovery plan in place, we currently have one plant which is the sole source for our insulating glass spacer business in the U.S. If that plant were to experience a catastrophic loss and our disaster recovery plan were to fail, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

Product liability claims and product replacements could harm our reputation, revenue generation and financial condition, or could result in costs related to litigation, warranty claims, or customer accommodations.

We have, on occasion, found flaws and deficiencies in the manufacturing, design, testing or installation of our products, which may result from a product defect, a defect in a component part provided by our suppliers, or as a result of the product being installed incorrectly by our customer or an end user. The failure of products before or after installation could result in litigation or claims by our customers or other users of the products, or in the expenditure of costs related to warranty coverage, claim settlement, litigation, or customer accommodation. In addition, we are currently party to certain legal claims related to a commercial sealant product, and there is no assurance that we will prevail on those claims. We may be required to expend legal fees, expert costs, and other costs associated with defending the claims and/or lawsuits. We may elect to enter into legal settlements or be forced to pay any judgments that result from an adverse court decision. Any such settlements, judgments, fees and/or costs could negatively impact our profitability, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Our insurance coverage may be inapplicable or inadequate to cover certain liabilities, and our insurance policies may exclude coverage for certain matters.

While we maintain a robust insurance program that is reasonably designed to cover our known and unknown risks, there is no assurance that our insurance carriers will voluntarily agree to cover every potential liability, or that our insurance policies include limits high enough to cover all liabilities associated with our business or products. In addition, coverage under our insurance policies may be unavailable in the future for certain products. For example, during a prior renewal of our insurance program, our insurance carriers excluded future coverage of a product line we no longer manufacture or sell. If our insurers refuse to cover claims, in whole or in part, or if we exhaust our available insurance coverage at some point in the future, then we might be forced to expend legal fees and settlement or judgment costs, which could negatively impact our profitability, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

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Climate change and related extreme weather events could disrupt our supply chain, decrease customer demand for our products, or damage our manufacturing facilities.

We, along with many of our customers and suppliers, operate manufacturing facilities in areas at risk for extreme weather events such as hurricanes, tornadoes, drought, wildfires, winter storms, or floods. Ongoing climate change has increased the frequency and severity of these events and the related risk of a catastrophic weather event affecting one of our plants, or a plant owned by one of our customers or suppliers. If such an event occurs at a facility belonging to one of our customers, we could see reduced demand for our products. If such an event occurs at a facility belonging to us or one of our suppliers, we may be unable to timely and cost-effectively manufacture products for our customers. These declines in demand or impacts to our ability to manufacture our products could negatively impact our revenues, earnings, cash flow, and other operating results.

Changes in taxation as well as the inherent difficulty in quantifying potential tax effects of business decisions could have a material adverse effect on the results of our operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

We file income tax returns, including tax returns for our subsidiaries, with federal, state, local, and foreign jurisdictions. We consider the United States to be our most significant jurisdiction; however, all tax returns are subject to routine compliance review by the taxing authorities in the jurisdictions in which we file tax returns in the ordinary course of business. We make judgments regarding the utilization of existing deferred tax assets and the potential tax effects of various financial transactions and results of operations to estimate our obligations to taxing authorities. Tax obligations include income, franchise, real estate, sales and use, and employment-related taxes. These judgments include reserves for potential adverse outcomes regarding tax positions that have been taken. Changes in federal, state, or local tax laws, adverse tax audit results, or adverse tax rulings on positions taken could have a material adverse effect on the results of our operations, financial condition, or cash flows.

Risks Associated with Investment in Quanex Securities

Our corporate governance documents and the provisions of Delaware law may delay or preclude a business acquisition or divestiture that stockholders may consider to be favorable, which might result in a decrease in the value of our common shares.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us without the consent of our Board of Directors. These provisions include restrictions on the ability of our stockholders to remove directors and supermajority voting requirements for stockholders to amend our organizational documents and limitations on action by our stockholders by written consent. In addition, our Board of Directors has the right to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could be used to dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer. Although we believe these provisions protect our stockholders from coercive or otherwise unfair takeover tactics, and thereby provide for an opportunity for us to receive a higher bid by requiring potential acquirers to negotiate with our Board of Directors, these provisions apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some stockholders.

We have the ability to issue additional equity securities, which would lead to dilution of our issued and outstanding common stock.

We are authorized to issue, without stockholder approval, 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock, no par value, in one or more series, which may give other stockholders dividend, conversion, voting, and liquidation rights, among other rights, which may be superior to the rights of holders of our common stock. The issuance of additional equity securities or securities convertible into equity securities would result in dilution of existing stockholders' equity interests. Our Board of Directors has no present intention to issue any such preferred shares, but has the right to do so in the future. In addition, we were authorized, by prior stockholder approval, to issue up to 125,000,000 shares of our common stock, $0.01 par value per share, of which 37,211,056 were issued at October 31, 2022. These authorized shares can be issued, without stockholder approval, as securities convertible into either common stock or preferred stock.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

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Item 2. Properties.

The following table lists our principal properties by location, general character and use as of October 31, 2022.


Location						Character & Use of Property
Executive Offices
Houston, Texas*						Executive corporate office
North American Fenestration Segment
Akron, Ohio*						Segment executive office and R&D facility
Rice Lake, Wisconsin						Fenestration products




Cambridge, Ohio*						Flexible spacer and solar adhesives
Richmond, Kentucky						Vinyl and composite extrusions

Kent, Washington*						Vinyl and composite extrusions












European Fenestration Segment
Denby, United Kingdom*						Vinyl and composite extrusions


Heinsberg, Germany*						Flexible spacer
North American Cabinet Components Segment






St. Cloud, Minnesota						Hardwood doors & components for kitchen and bath

* These locations are leased as of October 31, 2022.

In addition to the locations identified above, our North American Fenestration Segment maintains 14 additional facilities for the manufacture and distribution of fenestration, spacer and extrusion products within the continental U.S., our European Fenestration Segment maintains one additional location for the production of spacer in the U.K., and our North American Cabinet Components Segment maintains 11 locations to manufacture hardwood doors and other wood components for kitchen and bath cabinets. See Note 1, “Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies - Restructuring,” to the accompanying consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We believe our operating properties are in good condition and well maintained, and are generally suitable and adequate to carry on our business. In fiscal 2022, on a consolidated basis, our facilities operated at approximately 58% of machine capacity. This capacity utilization is subject to variability by product line, seasonality, location, labor shortages and supply chain interruptions.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, we, along with our subsidiaries, are involved in various litigation matters arising in the ordinary course of our business, including those arising from or related to contractual matters, commercial disputes, intellectual property, personal injury, environmental matters, product performance or warranties, product liability, insurance coverage and personnel and employment disputes.

We regularly review with legal counsel the status of all ongoing proceedings, and we maintain insurance against these risks to the extent deemed prudent by our management and to the extent such insurance is available. However, there is no assurance that we will prevail in these matters or that our insurers will accept full coverage of these matters, and we could, in the future, incur judgments, enter into settlements of claims, or revise our expectations regarding the outcome or insurability of matters we face, which could materially impact our results of operations.

We have been and are currently party to multiple claims, some of which are in litigation, relating to alleged defects in a commercial sealant product that was manufactured and sold during the 2000’s. Several claims were resolved during fiscal 2020, 2021 and 2022, and we continue to defend the remaining claims. While we believe that our product was not defective and that we would prevail in these commercial sealant product claims if taken to trial, the timing, ultimate resolution and potential impact of these claims is not currently determinable. Nevertheless, after taking into account all currently available information, including our defenses, the advice of our counsel, and the extent and currently-expected availability of our existing insurance coverage, we believe that the eventual outcome of these commercial sealant claims will not have a material adverse effect on our overall financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, and we have not recorded any accrual with regard to these claims.

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We reserve for litigation loss contingencies that are both probable and reasonably estimable. We do not expect that losses resulting from any current legal proceedings will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements if or when such losses are incurred.

For discussion of environmental issues, see Item 1, “Business - Environmental and Employee Safety Matters,” discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not Applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Our common stock has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol NX since April 24, 2008. Electronic copies of our public filings are available on the Securities and Exchange Commission's website (www.sec.gov). There were approximately 1,631 holders of our common stock (excluding individual participants in securities positions listings) on record as of December 8, 2022.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table summarizes certain information regarding equity compensation to our employees, officers and directors under equity compensation plans as of October 31, 2022:

(a)

(b)

(c)

Plan Category

Number of securities

to be issued upon

exercise of outstanding

options, warrants and

rights(1)

Weighted-average

exercise price of

outstanding options,

warrants and rights(2)

Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))

Equity compensation plans approved by security holders

361,567

19.39

2,863,024

(1) Column (a) includes securities that may be issued upon future vesting of performance restricted stock units that have been previously granted to key employees and officers. The number of securities reflected in this column includes the maximum number of shares that would be issued pursuant to these performance restricted stock units assuming the performance measures are achieved. The performance measures may not be achieved.

(2) The weighted-average exercise price in column (b) does not include the impacts of the performance share awards or any securities that may be issued thereunder. For additional details, see Note 13, “Stock-Based Compensation,” of the accompanying financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

On August 30, 2018, our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program that authorized the repurchase of up to $60.0 million worth of shares of our common stock. As of October 31, 2021, this share repurchase authorization was exhausted and the program was complete. During December 2021, our Board of Directors approved a new stock repurchase program that authorized the repurchase of up to $75.0 million worth of shares of our common stock. Repurchases under the new program will be made in open market transactions or privately negotiated transactions, subject to market conditions, applicable legal requirements and other relevant factors. During the three months ended October 31, 2022, we did not purchase any shares under this program and as of October 31, 2022 we had a maximum of $68.4 million available to purchase shares under this program. During the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we purchased 291,000, 478,311 and 450,000 shares, respectively, at a cost of $6.6 million, $11.2 million and $7.2 million, respectively, under these programs. The new program does not have an expiration date or a limit on the number of shares that may be purchased.

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Stock Performance Graph

The following chart represents a comparison of the five year total return of our common stock to the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index (S&P 500 Index), the Russell 2000 Index, and a peer group index selected by us, which includes companies offering similar products and services to ours. The companies in our peer group for the year ended October 31, 2022 are AAON Inc., American Woodmark Corp, Apogee Enterprises Inc., Armstrong Flooring Inc., Cornerstone Building Brands Inc., CSW Industrials Inc., Gibraltar Industries Inc., Griffon Corporation, Insteel Industries Inc., L.B. Foster Company, Masonite International Corp, Mueller Water Products, Inc., Patrick Industries Inc., PGT Innovations, Inc., Simpson Manufacturing Company Inc., Tredegar Corp, and Trex Company Inc.

https://cdn.kscope.io/c454b1a2fa6d4f4719d5a2cfd81fd5c7-nx-20221031_g1.jpg


INDEXED RETURNS	For the Years Ended
Company Name / Index	10/31/2017		10/31/2018		10/31/2019		10/31/2020		10/31/2021		10/31/2022
Quanex Building Products Corporation	$	100.00	$	68.21	$	90.57	$	87.29	$	100.71	$	109.28
S&P 500 Index	$	100.00	$	107.35	$	122.72	$	134.64	$	192.42	$	164.31
Russell 2000 Index	$	100.00	$	101.87	$	106.87	$	106.72	$	160.93	$	131.10
Peer Group	$	100.00	$	91.74	$	115.76	$	134.75	$	186.72	$	140.43

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements based on our current assumptions, expectations, estimates and projections about our business and the homebuilding industry, and therefore, it should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto, as well as our “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” discussed elsewhere within this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For a listing of potential risks and uncertainties which impact our business and industry, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” Actual results could differ from our expectations due to several factors which include, but are not limited to: the impact of market price and demand for our products, economic and competitive conditions, capital expenditures, new technology, regulatory changes and other uncertainties. Unless otherwise required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available or other events occur in the future.

Our Business

We currently manufacture components for original equipment manufacturers in the building products industry. The majority of these components can be categorized as window and door (fenestration) components and kitchen and bath cabinet components. Examples of fenestration components include (1) energy-efficient flexible insulating glass spacers, (2) extruded vinyl profiles, (3) window and door screens, and (4) precision-formed metal and wood products. In addition, we provide certain other non-fenestration components and products, which include solar panel sealants, trim moldings, vinyl decking, vinyl fencing, water retention barriers, and conservatory roof components. We use low-cost production processes and engineering expertise to provide our customers with specialized products for their specific applications. We believe these capabilities provide us with unique competitive advantages. We serve a primary customer base in North America and the U.K., and also serve customers in international markets through our operating plants in the U.K. and Germany, as well as through sales and marketing efforts in other countries.

We continue to invest in organic growth initiatives and we intend to continue evaluating business acquisitions that allow us to expand our existing fenestration and cabinet component footprint, enhance our product offerings, provide new complementary technology, enhance our leadership position within the markets we serve, and expand into new markets or service lines. We have disposed of non-core businesses in the past, and continue to evaluate our business portfolio to ensure that we are investing in markets where we believe there is potential future growth.

We currently have three reportable business segments: (1) North American Fenestration segment (“NA Fenestration”), comprising three operating segments, manufacturing vinyl profiles, IG spacers, screens and other fenestration components; (2) European Fenestration segment (“EU Fenestration”), comprising our U.K.-based vinyl extrusion business, manufacturing vinyl profiles and conservatories, and the European insulating glass business manufacturing IG spacers; and (3) North American Cabinet Components segment (“NA Cabinet Components”), comprising our North American cabinet door and components business and two wood-manufacturing plants. We maintain a grouping called Unallocated Corporate & Other, which includes transaction expenses, stock-based compensation, long-term incentive awards based on the performance of our common stock and other factors, certain severance and legal costs not deemed to be allocable to all segments, depreciation of corporate assets, interest expense, other, net, income taxes and inter-segment eliminations, and executive incentive compensation and medical expense fluctuations relative to planned costs as determined during the annual planning process. Other corporate general and administrative costs have been allocated to the reportable business segments, based upon a relative measure of profitability in order to more accurately reflect each reportable business segment's administrative costs. We allocate corporate expenses to businesses acquired mid-year from the date of acquisition. The accounting policies of our operating segments are the same as those used to prepare our accompanying consolidated financial statements. Corporate general and administrative expenses allocated during the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $24.5 million, $21.6 million and $21.7 million, respectively.

Recent Transactions and Events

U.S. and global markets are experiencing volatility and disruption following the escalation of geopolitical tensions and the start of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Although the length and impact of the ongoing military conflict is highly unpredictable, the conflict in Ukraine could lead to market or operational disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity prices, credit and capital markets, as well as supply chain interruptions. Russia, Europe’s largest provider of natural gas, has significantly reduced the export of natural gas compared to the same time last year resulting in the increase in natural gas prices and the potential for natural gas shortages. If this trend continues, this would not only negatively impact our European manufacturing facilities, this may also negatively impact our customers and their demand for our products. We continue to monitor these situations and their impact on our business.

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On March 11, 2020, the WHO declared the outbreak of COVID-19 to be a global pandemic and recommended containment and mitigation measures. Many of the limitations and mandates on operations have been lifted, however, the COVID-19 pandemic and its related effects continue to have an adverse effect on many sectors of the economy and we may be further impacted.

The war in Ukraine and the impact of COVID-19 on the global economy including inflation and the price of raw materials, supply chain disruptions, and the volatility in interest rates including home mortgage rates are unpredictable and there may be developments outside our control requiring us to adjust our operating plan.

Market Overview and Outlook

We believe the primary drivers of our operating results continue to be North American residential remodeling and replacement (R&R) and new home construction activity. We believe that housing starts and window shipments are indicators of activity levels in the homebuilding and window industries, and we use this data, as published by or derived from third-party sources, to evaluate the market. We have historically evaluated the market using data from the National Association of Homebuilders (NAHB) with regard to housing starts, and published reports by Ducker Worldwide, LLC (Ducker), a consulting and research firm, with regard to window shipments in the U.S. We obtain market data from Catalina research, a consulting and research firm, for insight into the U.S. residential wood cabinet demand.

In November 2022, the NAHB forecasted calendar-year housing starts (excluding manufactured units) to be 1.5 million, 1.4 million and 1.5 million in 2022, 2023 and 2024 calendar-years, respectively. The November 2022, Ducker forecast indicated that window shipments in the R&R market are expected to increase approximately 3% and 2% in the calendar-years ended 2022 and 2023, respectively, and window shipments in the new construction market are expected to decrease 4% and 13% in the calendar-years ended 2022 and 2023, respectively, resulting in overall window shipment declines of 1% in 2022 and 5% in 2023. Derived from reports published by Ducker, the overall increase in window shipments for the trailing twelve months ended September 30, 2022 was 3%. During this period, new construction activities increased 2% and R&R increased 4%. In November 2022, Catalina Research estimated that residential semi-custom cabinet demand in the U.S. is estimated to increase 13% in 2022 and decrease 4% in 2023.

Our U.K. vinyl business (commonly referred to as “Liniar”) is largely focused on the sale of vinyl house systems under the trade name “Liniar” to smaller window manufacturers in the U.K. Liniar is one of the larger providers of vinyl extruded products in the U.K. in terms of volume shipped. Currently, the U.K. is experiencing a shortage in affordable housing, with rising demand due in part to a growing immigrant population. Liniar’s current primary customers are smaller window fabricators, as opposed to the larger OEMs that comprise a large portion of the North American market. These manufacturers seek the quality and technology of the specific products identified by the Liniar trade name. In addition, Liniar services non-fenestration markets including the manufacture of roofing for conservatories, vinyl decking and vinyl water retention barriers used for landscaping. We believe there are growth opportunities within these markets in the U.K. and potential synergies which may enable us to sell complementary products.

NA Cabinet Components manufactures kitchen and bathroom cabinet doors and components, amongst other products, using a variety of woods from traditional hardwoods to engineered wood products. Currently, most of the revenue in the NA Cabinet Components is earned in the U.S., so domestic housing starts and R&R activity constitute the primary drivers of this business as well. The cabinet door market is stratified as follows: stock (low-cost, low-variations), semi-custom (more customized, just-in-time manufacturing, higher price point) and custom (precise customer specifications, just-in-time manufacturing, high-end price point). NA Cabinet Component's primary market is semi-custom.

Our business is seasonal, particularly our fenestration business, as inclement weather during the winter months tends to slow down construction, particularly as related to “outside of the house” construction. To some extent, we believe our kitchen and bathroom cabinet door business lessens the impact of seasonality on our operating results, as the cabinet business is “inside of the house” and less susceptible to weather.

We are impacted by regulation of energy standards. Although the U.S. government has been less aggressively pursuing higher energy efficiency standards in recent years, other countries have implemented higher energy efficiency standards which should bode well for our fenestration-related business in these markets, particularly our warm-edge spacer products.

Several commodities in our business are subject to pricing fluctuations, including polyvinyl resin (PVC), titanium dioxide (TiO2), petroleum products, aluminum and wood. For the majority of our customers and critical suppliers, we have price adjusters in place which effectively share the base pass-through price changes for our primary commodities with our customers commensurate with the market at large. Our long-term exposure to these price fluctuations is somewhat mitigated due to the contractual component of the adjuster program. However, these adjusters are not in place with all customers and for all

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commodities, and there is a level of exposure to such volatility due to the lag associated with the timing of price updates in accordance with our customer agreements, particularly with regard to hardwoods. In addition, some of these commodities are in high demand, particularly in Europe, which can affect the cost of the raw materials, a portion of which we may not be able to fully recover. We continue to experience some supply disruptions as high demand reduced availability of raw materials.

The global economy remains uncertain due to global supply chain interruptions, inflationary pressures, currency devaluations, political unrest, terror threats, global pandemics such as COVID-19, and even the political landscape in the U.S. These and other macro-economic factors have impacted the global financial markets, which may have contributed to significant changes in foreign currencies. We continue to monitor our exposure to changes in exchange rates.

Comparison of the fiscal years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021

This table sets forth our consolidated results of operations for the twelve-month periods ended October 31, 2022 and 2021.


	For the Years Ended October 31,

	2022		2021		$ Change		Variance %
	(Dollars in thousands)
Net sales	$	1,221,502	$	1,072,149	$	149,353	14%
Cost of sales (excluding depreciation and amortization)	953,004		831,541		121,463		(15)%
Selling, general and administrative	117,108		115,967		1,141		(1)%
Restructuring charges	—		39		(39)		100%
Depreciation and amortization	40,109		42,732		(2,623)		6%

Operating income	111,281		81,870		29,411		36%
Interest expense	(2,559)		(2,530)		(29)		(1)%
Other, net	1,041		754		287		38%
Income tax expense	(21,427)		(23,114)		1,687		7%
Net income	$	88,336	$	56,980	$	31,356	55%

Our year-over-year results by reportable segment follow. Our comparison of the results for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2021 and 2020 by reportable segment for the prior year comparative periods can be found in the annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended October 31, 2021.

Changes Related to Operating Income by Reportable Segment:

NA Fenestration


	For the Years Ended October 31,
	2022			2021			$ Change		Variance %
	(Dollars in thousands)
Net sales	$	687,458		$	578,332		$	109,126	19%
Cost of sales (excluding depreciation and amortization)	537,900			450,356			87,544		(19)%
Selling, general and administrative	58,735			52,959			5,776		(11)%
Restructuring charges	—			39			(39)		100%
Depreciation and amortization	16,253			18,730			(2,477)		13%

Operating income	$	74,570		$	56,248		$	18,322	33%
Operating income margin	11		%	10		%

Net Sales. Net sales increased $109.1 million, or 19%, for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, which was primarily driven by an increase in price and raw material surcharges of $68.5 million and a $40.7 million increase in volumes.

Cost of Sales. Cost of sales increased $87.5 million, or 19%, for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. Cost of sales, including labor, increased primarily due to higher volumes during the period as well as

the inflation of raw materials.

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Selling, General and Administrative. Our selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $5.8 million, or 11%, for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. This increase was due primarily to an increase in compensation expense, professional fees and general expenses year-over-year.

Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased $2.5 million, or 13%, for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, reflecting the run-off of depreciation expense related to existing assets and disposals during the period.

EU Fenestration


	For the Years Ended October 31,
	2022			2021			$ Change		Variance %
	(Dollars in thousands)
Net sales	$	262,058		$	251,599		$	10,459	4%
Cost of sales (excluding depreciation and amortization)	180,268			172,033			8,235		(5)%
Selling, general and administrative	31,846			29,894			1,952		(7)%
Depreciation and amortization	9,674			10,373			(699)		7%
Operating income	$	40,270		$	39,299		$	971	2%
Operating income margin	15		%	16		%

Net Sales. Net sales increased $10.5 million, or 4%, when comparing the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, which was primarily driven by a $47.4 million of base price increases partially offset by $22.1 million of foreign currency rate changes and a $14.8 million decrease in volumes.

Cost of Sales. The cost of sales increased $8.2 million, or 5%, for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. Cost of sales increased primarily due to inflation of raw materials partially offset by a decrease in volumes and foreign currency impacts.

Selling, General and Administrative. Our selling, general and administrative expense increased $2.0 million, or 7%, for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. The increase is primarily due to higher compensation and general expenses partially offset by foreign currency impacts year-over-year.

NA Cabinet Components


	For the Years Ended October 31,
	2022			2021			$ Change		Variance %
	(Dollars in thousands)
Net sales	$	275,704		$	246,075		$	29,629	12%
Cost of sales (excluding depreciation and amortization)	236,695			211,088			25,607		(12)%
Selling, general and administrative	21,934			20,828			1,106		(5)%

Depreciation and amortization	13,830			13,263			567		(4)%

Operating income	$	3,245		$	896		$	2,349	262%
Operating income margin	1		%	—		%

Net Sales. Net sales increased $29.6 million, or 12%, for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, which was primarily driven by a $57.1 million increase in price and raw material indexes partially offset by $27.5 million decrease in volumes due to labor and material shortages throughout the supply chain.

Cost of Sales. The cost of sales increased $25.6 million, or 12%, for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, primarily as a result of lumber price inflation, which is recovered on a lag, partially offset by lower volumes during the period.

Selling, General and Administrative. Our selling, general and administrative expense increased $1.1 million, or 5%, for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. The increase is primarily due to an increase in general expenses year-over-year.

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Unallocated Corporate & Other


	For the Years Ended October 31,
	2022		2021		$ Change		Variance %
	(Dollars in thousands)
Net sales	$	(3,718)	$	(3,857)	$	139	4%
Cost of sales (excluding depreciation and amortization)	(1,859)		(1,936)		77		(4)%
Selling, general and administrative	4,593		12,286		(7,693)		63%
Depreciation and amortization	352		366		(14)		4%
Operating loss	$	(6,804)	$	(14,573)	$	7,769	53%

Net Sales. Net sales for Unallocated Corporate & Other represents the elimination of inter-segment sales for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021.

Cost of Sales. Cost of sales for Corporate & Other consists of the elimination of inter-segment sales, profit in inventory, and other costs.

Selling, General and Administrative. Our selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $7.7 million, or 63%, for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. This decreased due to $4.0 million of decreased compensation expense including the valuations of our stock based compensation awards, a decrease of $3.2 million related to medical expense claims, and a decrease of $0.5 million related to workers’ compensation claims partially offset by an increase of $1.4 million professional fees during the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. Additionally, we recorded a $1.4 million loss on the sale of a plant during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, for which we did not have a comparable expense in the corresponding twelve months ended October 31, 2022.

Changes Related to Non-Operating Items:

Interest Expense. Interest expense remained flat for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. The weighted average interest rate for borrowings outstanding for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 was 2.16% compared with 1.42% for the twelve months ended October 31, 2021.

Other, net. Other, net increased $0.3 million for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. The increase is primarily due to an increase in foreign currency transaction gains partially offset by pension benefits year-over-year.

Income Taxes. We recorded income tax expense of $21.4 million on pre-tax income of $109.8 million for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022, an effective rate of 19.5%, and income tax expense of $23.1 million on pre-tax income of $80.1 million for the twelve months ended October 31, 2021, an effective rate of 28.9%. The October 31, 2022 effective rate is lower than the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the rate differential of non-U.S. income taxes, U.S. foreign tax credits and tax benefits associated with stock-based compensation, partially offset by U.S. taxes and non-U.S. earnings and the true-up of our accruals and related deferred taxes from prior year filings. The effective rate for the twelve months ended October 31, 2021 was impacted by state income taxes, global intangible low-taxed income, and changes in uncertain tax positions, partially offset by U.S. foreign tax credits.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Historically, our principal sources of funds have been cash on hand, cash flow from operations, and borrowings under our credit facilities. As of October 31, 2022, we had $55.1 million of cash and cash equivalents, $13.0 million outstanding under our credit facilities, $5.0 million of outstanding letters of credit and $19.2 million outstanding under finance leases. We had $307.0 million available for use under a revolving credit facility at October 31, 2022.

On July 6, 2022, we entered into our Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Credit Facility”) with Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as Agent, Swingline Lender and Issuing Lender, and BofA Securities, Inc. serving as Syndication Agent. We capitalized $1.2 million of deferred financing fees related to the Credit Facility during the year ended October 31, 2022. This $325.0 million revolving credit facility has a five-year term, maturing on July 6, 2027, and replaces our previous credit facility we entered into on October 18, 2018.

Interest payments for the Credit Facility are calculated, at our election and depending upon the Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio, at a Base Rate (0.25% to 1.00%) plus an applicable margin or at the same rate as Risk-Free Rate (“RFR”) Loans for

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domestic borrowings or Eurocurrency Rate Loans (1.25% to 2.00%) plus an applicable margin. In addition, we are subject to commitment fees (0.150% to 0.250) for the unused portion of the Credit Facility. As of October 31, 2022, the applicable rate was RFR + 1.25%.

The weighted average interest rate of borrowings outstanding for the twelve-month periods ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 was 2.16% and 1.42%, respectively. We were in compliance with our debt covenants as of October 31, 2022. For additional details of the Revolving Credit Facility, see Note 8, “Debt,” included elsewhere within this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We expect to repatriate excess cash moving forward and use the funds to retire debt or meet current working capital needs. We believe our business model, our current cash reserves and the recent steps we have taken to strengthen our balance sheet leave us well-positioned to manage our business and remain in compliance with our debt covenants.

Analysis of Cash Flow

The following table summarizes our cash flow results for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(In millions)
Cash flows provided by operating activities	$	98.0	$	78.6	$	100.8
Cash flows used for investing activities	$	(33.0)	$	(18.7)	$	(25.2)
Cash flows used for financing activities	$	(45.9)	$	(71.9)	$	(55.1)

Our year-over-year cash flow analysis follows. Our cash flow analysis for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2021 and 2020 for the prior year comparative periods can be found in the annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended October 31, 2021.

Operating Activities

Operating cash flow for the year ended October 31, 2022 increased $19.4 million while cash flow for the year ended October 31, 2021 decreased by $22.2 million. The increase in operating cash flows is primarily due to higher net income year-over-year due to increased pricing offset by unfavorable changes in working capital. The unfavorable changes in working capital were largely driven by changes in accounts receivable and payable, as well as an increase in accrued incentives year over year.

Investing Activities

Cash used for investing activities for the year ended October 31, 2022 increased $14.3 million compared to the year ended October 31, 2021 due to an increase of $9.1 million in capital expenditures and a decrease of $5.2 million proceeds from the disposition of capital assets.

At October 31, 2022, we had firm purchase commitments of approximately $1.7 million for the purchase or construction of capital assets. We plan to fund these capital expenditures through cash from operations or borrowings under our revolving credit facility.

Financing Activities

For the year ended October 31, 2022, cash used for financing activities was $45.9 million and related primarily to net debt repayments of $26.7 million, payment of dividends of $10.6 million and share repurchases of $6.6 million. For the year ended October 31, 2021, cash used for financing activities was $71.9 million and related primarily to net debt repayments of $65.7 million, share repurchases of $11.2 million and payment of dividends of $10.8 million, partially offset by $16.3 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options.

Liquidity Requirements

Our strategy for deploying cash is to invest in organic growth opportunities, develop our infrastructure, and explore strategic acquisitions. Other uses of cash include paying cash dividends to our shareholders and repurchasing our own stock. We maintain cash balances in foreign countries which totaled $13.6 million and $10.6 million as of October 31, 2022 and 2021. During the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, we repatriated $28.9 million and $28.4 million, respectively, of foreign earnings from our international divisions.

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We believe that we have sufficient funds and adequate financial resources available to meet our anticipated liquidity needs. We expect to use our cash flow from operations to fund operations for the next twelve months and the foreseeable future. We believe these funds should be adequate to provide for our working capital requirements, capital expenditures, and dividends, while continuing to meet our debt service requirements.

Revolving Credit Facility

We maintain our $325.0 million Credit Facility, which contains a revolving credit facility, with Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as Agent, Swingline Lender and Issuing Lender, and BofA Securities, Inc. serving as Syndication Agent. The Credit Facility has a five-year term, maturing on July 6, 2027, and requires interest payments calculated, at our election and depending upon our Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio, at a Base Rate plus an applicable margin or at the same rate as Risk-Free Rate (“RFR”) Loans for domestic borrowings or Eurocurrency Rate Loans plus an applicable margin. At the time of the initial borrowing, the applicable rate was RFR + 1.25%. In addition, we are subject to commitment fees for the unused portion of the Credit Facility. The applicable margin and commitment fees range from 0.15% to 0.25%, depending upon the type of loan and Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio.

The Credit Facility provides for revolving credit commitments for a minimum principal amount of $10.0 million, up to an aggregate amount of $150.0 million or 100% of Consolidated EBITDA, subject to the lender's discretion to elect or decline the incremental increase. We can also borrow up to the lesser of $15.0 million or the revolving credit commitment, as defined, under a Swingline feature of the Credit Facility.

The Credit Facility contains a: (1) Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio requirement whereby we must not permit the Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio, as defined, to be less than 3.00 to 1.00, and (2) Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio requirement, whereby we must not permit the Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio, as defined, to be greater than 3.25 to 1.00.

In addition to maintaining these financial covenants, the Credit Facility also limits our ability to enter into certain business transactions, such as to incur indebtedness or liens, to acquire businesses or dispose of material assets, make restricted payments, pay dividends (limited to $25.0 million per year) and to conduct other transactions as further defined in the Credit Facility. Some of these limitations, however, do not take effect so long as Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio is less than or equal to 2.75 to 1.00 and available liquidity exceeds $25.0 million. Substantially all of our domestic assets, with the exception of real property, are pledged as collateral for the Credit Facility.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of our financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Estimates and assumptions about future events and their effects cannot be perceived with certainty. Estimates may change as new events occur, as more experience is acquired, as additional information becomes available and as our operating environment changes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and that we believe provide a basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily available through open market quotes. We must use our judgment with regard to uncertainties in order to make these estimates. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

We believe the following are the most critical accounting policies used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements as well as the significant judgments and uncertainties affecting the application of these policies. We consider an estimate to be critical if it is subjective and if changes in the estimate using different assumptions would result in a material impact to our financial position or results of operations.

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Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets

Property, Plant and Equipment and Intangible Assets with Defined Lives

We make judgments and estimates in conjunction with the carrying value of our long-term assets, including property, plant and equipment, and identifiable intangibles. These judgments may include the basis for capitalization, depreciation and amortization methods and the useful lives of the underlying assets. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we review the carrying values of these assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We determine that the carrying amount is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. If the carrying value exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows and after considering alternate uses for the asset, an impairment charge would be recorded in the period in which such review is performed. We measure the impairment loss as the amount by which the carrying amount of the long-lived asset exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined by reference to quoted market prices in active markets, if available, or by calculating the discounted cash flows associated with the use and eventual disposition of the asset. Therefore, if there are indicators of impairment, we are required to make long-term forecasts of our future revenues and costs related to the assets subject to review. Forecasts require assumptions about demand for our products and future market conditions. Although there may be no indicators of impairment in the current period, unanticipated changes to assumptions or circumstances in future periods could result in an impairment charge in the period of the change. No impairment charges were incurred with regard to our property, plant and equipment for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

We monitor relevant circumstances, including industry trends, general economic conditions, and the potential impact that such circumstances might have on the valuation of our identifiable intangibles. Events and changes in circumstances that may cause a triggering event and necessitate such a review include, but are not limited to: a decrease in sales for certain customers, improvements or changes in technology, and/or a decision to phase-out a trademark or trade name. Such events could negatively impact the carrying value of our identifiable intangibles. It is possible that changes in such circumstances or in the numerous variables associated with the judgments, assumptions, and estimates made by us in assessing the appropriate valuation of our identifiable intangibles could require us to further write down a portion of our identifiable intangibles and record related non-cash impairment charges in the future. We apply a variety of techniques to establish the carrying value of our intangible assets, including the relief from royalty and excess current year earnings methods.

Goodwill

We use the acquisition method to account for business combinations and, to the extent that the purchase price exceeds the fair value of the net assets acquired, we record goodwill. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we are required to evaluate our goodwill at least annually. We perform our annual goodwill assessment as of August 31, or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist. Qualitative factors that indicate impairment could include, but are not limited to, (i) macroeconomic conditions, (ii) industry and market considerations, (iii) cost factors, (iv) overall financial performance of the reporting unit, and (v) other relevant entity-specific events. The first step in our annual goodwill assessment is to perform the optional qualitative assessment allowed by ASC Topic 350 “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other” (ASC 350). In our qualitative assessment, we evaluate relevant events or circumstances to determine whether it is more likely than not (i.e., greater than 50%) that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, ASC 350 requires us to compare the fair value of such reporting unit to its carrying value including goodwill. To determine the fair value of our reporting units, we use multiple valuation techniques including a discounted cash flow analysis, using the applicable weighted average cost of capital, in combination with a market approach that uses market multiples and a selection of guideline public companies. This test requires us to make assumptions about the future growth of our business and the market in general, as well as other variables such as the level of investment in capital expenditure, growth in working capital requirements and the terminal or residual value of our reporting units beyond the periods of estimated annual cash flows. We use a third-party valuation firm to assist us with this analysis. If the fair value of each reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, no action is required. Otherwise, an impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the carrying amount of the reporting unit including goodwill exceeds the fair value of that reporting unit. We believe the estimates and assumptions used in our impairment assessment are reasonable based on available market information, but variations in any of the assumptions could result in materially different calculations of fair value and determinations of whether or not an impairment is indicated during current or future periods.

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At our annual testing date, August 31, 2022, we had five reporting units with goodwill balances: two reporting units included in our NA Fenestration operating segment, two reporting units included in our EU Fenestration operating segment, and one reporting unit included in our NA Cabinet Components operating segment. We performed a qualitative assessment of one of the two reporting units in the NA Fenestration segment and the two reporting units in the EU Fenestration segment. This review included an analysis of historical goodwill test results, operating results relative to forecast, projected results over the next five years, and other measures and concluded that there were no indicators of potential impairment associated with these reporting units. Therefore, no additional testing was deemed necessary for the reporting units in the NA Fenestration segment and the EU Fenestration segment that were assessed qualitatively. We also updated the quantitative assessments for the reportable unit in the NA Cabinet Components segment and the second reportable unit in the NA Fenestration segment. We determined the fair value of these reportable units exceeded the carrying value by 12.0% and 384.9%, respectively, and concluded that no impairment was necessary.

Income Taxes

We operate in various jurisdictions and therefore our income tax expense relates to income taxes in the U.S., U.K., Canada, and Germany, as well as local and state income taxes. We recognize the effect of a change in tax rates in the period of the change. We record the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and the amounts reported in our consolidated balance sheets, as well as net operating losses and tax credit carry forward. We evaluate the carrying value of our net deferred tax assets and determine if our business will generate sufficient future taxable income to realize the net deferred tax assets. We perform this review for recoverability on a jurisdictional basis, whereby we consider both positive and negative evidence related to the likelihood of realization of the deferred tax assets. The weight given to the positive and negative evidence is commensurate with the extent to which the evidence can be objectively verified. We evaluate recoverability based on an estimate of future taxable income using the long-term forecasts we use to evaluate long-lived assets, goodwill and intangible assets for impairment, taking into consideration the future reversal of existing taxable temporary differences and reviewing our current financial operations. In the event that our estimates and assumptions indicate we will not generate sufficient future taxable income to realize our deferred tax assets, we will record a valuation allowance, to the extent indicated, to reduce our deferred tax assets to their realizable value.

Annually, we evaluate our tax positions to determine if there have been any changes in uncertain tax positions or if there has been a lapse in the statute of limitations with regard to such positions. Our liability for uncertain tax positions at October 31, 2022 and 2021 totaled $1.4 million and are related to certain federal and state tax items regarding the interpretation of tax laws and regulations.

We believe we will have sufficient taxable income in the future to fully utilize our deferred tax assets recorded as of October 31, 2022, net of our valuation allowance. There is a risk that our estimates related to the future use of loss carry forwards and our ability to realize our deferred tax assets may not come to fruition, and that the results could materially impact our financial position and results of operations. Our total gross deferred tax assets at October 31, 2022 and 2021 totaled $13.9 million and $13.8 million, respectively, against which we had recorded a valuation allowance of $0.5 million and $1.2 million, respectively.

Inventory

We record inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventories are valued using the first-in first-out (FIFO) method. Fixed costs related to excess manufacturing capacity have been expensed in the period, and therefore, are not capitalized into inventory. Inventory quantities are regularly reviewed and provisions for excess or obsolete inventory are recorded primarily based on our forecast of future demand and market conditions. Significant unanticipated changes to our forecasts or changes in the net realizable value of our inventory would require a change in the provision for excess or obsolete inventory. For the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, our inventory reserves are approximately 3%, 3%, and 10% of gross inventory, respectively.

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Retirement Plans

We sponsor a defined benefit pension plan and an unfunded postretirement plan that provides health care and life insurance benefits for a limited pool of eligible retirees and dependents. On January 1, 2020, we enacted changes to our pension plan whereby the benefits for all participants were frozen and thereafter those participants will receive increased benefits in the company sponsored defined contribution plan in lieu of participation in a defined benefit plan. During the three months ended October 31, 2022, we notified participants that our pension plan will be terminated effective November 1, 2022, with final settlement expected to occur in fiscal 2024. The measurement of liabilities related to these plans is based on our assumptions related to future events, including expected return on plan assets and healthcare cost trend rates. The discount rate reflects the rate at which benefits could be effectively settled on the measurement date. We determine our discount rate using a FTSE Above Median Model whereby target yields are developed from bonds across a range of maturity points, and a curve is fitted to those targets. Spot rates (zero coupon bond yields) are developed from the curve and used to discount benefit payments associated with each future year. This model assumes spot rates will remain level beyond the 30-year point. We determine the present value of plan benefits by applying the discount rates to projected benefit cash flows. Actual pension plan asset investment performance, as well as other economic experience such as discount rate and demographic experience, will either reduce or increase unamortized pension losses at the end of any fiscal year, which ultimately affects future pension costs.

As of October 31, 2022, our projected benefit obligation (PBO) and accumulated benefit obligation (ABO) each exceeded the fair value of the plan assets by $3.9 million. As a comparison, our PBO and ABO exceeded the fair value of plan assets by $4.7 million as of October 31, 2021. During fiscal 2022, no contributions to the pension plan were needed to meet minimum contribution requirements. Expected contributions are dependent on many variables, including the variability of the market value of the assets as compared to the obligation and other market or regulatory conditions. In addition, we take into consideration our business investment opportunities and our cash requirements. Accordingly, actual funding may differ greatly from current estimates.

Under U.S. GAAP, we are not required to immediately recognize the effects of a deviation between actual and assumed experience under our pension plan, or to revise our estimate as a result. This approach allows the favorable and unfavorable effects that fall within an acceptable range to be netted and disclosed as an unrecognized gain or loss. As of October 31, 2022 and 2021, a net actuarial loss of $3.6 million and $4.5 million, respectively, was included in our accumulated other comprehensive income. There were no net prior service costs or transition obligations for the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021. The effect on fiscal years after 2022 will depend on the actual experience of the plans.

Mortality assumptions used to determine the obligations for our pension plans are based on the Pri-2012 base mortality table with MP-2021 mortality improvement scale.

Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments

Our contractual obligations and commercial commitments include unconditional purchase obligations which consist of commitments to buy miscellaneous parts, inventory, and expenditures related to capital projects in progress. In addition, during fiscal 2023, we do not expect to need to contribute to our pension plan to meet our minimum contribution requirements. Pension contributions beyond 2023 cannot be determined since the amount of any contribution is heavily dependent on the future economic environment and investment returns on pension plan assets. Obligations are based on current and projected obligations of the plans, performance of the plan assets, if applicable, and the timing and amount of funding contributions. At October 31, 2022, we have recorded a long-term liability for deferred pension benefits totaling $3.9 million. We believe the effect of the plans on liquidity is not significant to our overall financial condition.

Our supplemental benefit plan and deferred compensation plan liabilities fluctuate based on changes in the market value of certain equity securities, including our common stock. As of October 31, 2022, our liability under the supplemental benefit plan and the deferred compensation plan was approximately $1.9 million and $3.3 million, respectively.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as such term is defined in the rules promulgated by the SEC, that we believe would be material to investors and for which it is reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

Effects of Inflation

We have experienced the impact of inflation on our cost of raw materials, labor, freight and overhead, particularly during the year ended October 31, 2022. Although we use contractual price indexing along with periodic base price increases to

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minimize the effect of inflation on our results, we have not been able to fully recover all of the inflationary cost increases. We cannot provide assurance, however, that our results of operations and financial position will not be materially impacted by inflation in the future.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) or other standards setting bodies that we adopt as of the specified effective date. We did not adopt any new accounting pronouncements during the twelve months ended October 31, 2022. As of October 31, 2022, we believe the impact of any recently issued standards that are not yet effective are either not applicable to us at this time or will not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

The following discussion of our exposure to various market risks contains “forward looking statements” regarding our estimates, assumptions and beliefs concerning our exposure. Although we believe these estimates and assumptions are reasonable in light of information currently available to us, we cannot provide assurance that these estimates will not materially differ from actual results due to the inherent unpredictability of interest rates, foreign currency rates and commodity prices as well as other factors. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes.

Interest Rate Risk

Our outstanding debt bears interest at variable rates and accordingly is sensitive to changes in interest rates. Based upon the balances of the variable rate debt at October 31, 2022, a hypothetical 1.0% increase or decrease in interest rates could result in approximately $0.1 million of additional pre-tax charges or credit to our operating results. This sensitivity pertains primarily to our outstanding revolving credit facility borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility as of October 31, 2022.

Foreign Currency Rate Risk

Our international operations have exposure to foreign currency rate risks, primarily due to fluctuations in the Euro, the British Pound Sterling and the Canadian Dollar. From time to time, we enter into foreign exchange contracts associated with our operations to manage a portion of the foreign currency rate risk. There were no derivatives outstanding as of October 31, 2022 or 2021. These foreign currency derivative contracts hedge cross-border intercompany and commercial activity for our insulating glass spacer business. Although these derivatives hedge our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency rates, we do not apply hedge accounting and therefore, the change in the fair value of these foreign currency derivatives is recorded directly to other income and expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. To the extent the gain or loss on the derivative instrument offsets the gain or loss from the re-measurement of the underlying foreign currency balance, changes in exchange rates should have no effect.

Commodity Price Risk

We purchase PVC as the significant raw material consumed in the manufacture of vinyl extrusions. We have resin adjusters in place with a majority of our customers and our resin supplier that is adjusted based upon published indices for lagging resin prices. These adjusters effectively share the base pass-through price changes of PVC with our customers commensurate with the market at large. Our long-term exposure to changes in PVC prices is somewhat mitigated due to the contractual component of the resin adjuster program. However, there is a level of exposure to short-term volatility due to timing lags.

We adjust the pricing of petroleum-based raw materials for the majority of our customers who purchase products using these materials. This is intended to offset the fluctuating cost of products which are highly correlated to the price of oil including butyl and other oil-based raw materials. This program is adjusted monthly based upon the 90-day average published price for Brent crude. The oil-based raw materials that we purchase are subject to similar pricing schemes. As such, our long-term exposure to increases in oil-based raw material prices is significantly reduced under this program.

Similarly, NA Cabinet Components includes a price index provision in the majority of its customer arrangements to insulate against significant fluctuations in the price for various hardwood products used as the primary raw material for kitchen and bathroom cabinet doors. Like our vinyl extrusion business, we are exposed to short-term volatility in wood prices due to a lag in the timing of price updates which generally could extend for up to three months.

We have begun implementing additional programs for other raw materials to facilitate more accurate pricing and reduce our exposure to changing material costs when necessary, however these are also subject to timing lags. While we maintain surcharges and other adjusters to manage our exposure to changes in the prices of our critical raw materials, we use several

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commodities in our business that are not covered by contractual surcharges or adjusters for which pricing can fluctuate, including PVC compound micro ingredients, silicone and other inputs.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Quanex Building Products Corporation


			Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 248)			31
Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting			34
Consolidated Financial Statements
Consolidated Balance Sheets			35
Consolidated Statements of Income			36
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income			37
Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity			38
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow			39
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements			40

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Quanex Building Products Corporation

Opinion on the financial statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Quanex Building Products Corporation (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of October 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended October 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of October 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended October 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of October 31, 2022, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated December 16, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion.

Basis for opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical audit matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Quantitative goodwill impairment assessment of the reporting unit included in the North American Cabinet Components operating segment

As described in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company performs its annual goodwill impairment test as of August 31. The Company performed a quantitative assessment of the reporting unit included in the North American Cabinet Components operating segment primarily due to the history of a narrow margin of fair value over carrying value in the quantitative assessments performed in prior years. We identified the estimation of the fair value of this reporting unit as a critical audit matter.

The principal considerations for our determination that the estimation of the fair value of this reporting unit is a critical audit matter relates to the use of the income approach which is one method management uses to estimate the fair value of the reporting unit. Auditing the fair value of the reporting unit involved a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and audit effort in evaluating management’s significant assumptions used in the income approach, including future cash flows related to the reporting unit and the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). In addition, the audit effort involved the use of valuation specialists to assist in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained.

Our audit procedures related to the estimation of the fair value of this reporting unit included the following, among others.

•We tested the effectiveness of controls over goodwill impairment including those over the determination of fair value, including controls relating to management’s development of forecasts of future revenues, earnings, cash flows and WACC.

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•We evaluated management’s ability to accurately forecast revenues, earnings and cash flows by comparing actual results to management’s historical forecasts.

•We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s forecasts of revenues, earnings and cash flows by comparing the forecasts to historical revenues, earnings and cash flows, current budgets, our understanding of the current business strategy, communications to the Board of Directors, press releases and industry reports.

•We utilized our valuation specialists to evaluate the reasonableness of the WACC used by management, including the testing of underlying source information and developing a range of independent estimates and comparing those to the rate selected by management.


/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2014.

Houston, Texas
December 16, 2022

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Quanex Building Products Corporation

Opinion on internal control over financial reporting

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Quanex Building Products Corporation (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of October 31, 2022, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of October 31, 2022, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended October 31, 2022, and our report dated December 16, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

Basis for opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.


/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

Houston, Texas
December 16, 2022

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MANAGEMENT’S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Management of the Company, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Company’s internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to management and the Company’s Board of Directors regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. A system of internal control may become inadequate over time because of changes in conditions, or deterioration in the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of October 31, 2022 using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management has concluded that, as of October 31, 2022, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles based on such criteria.

Grant Thornton LLP, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

As of October 31, 2022 and 2021


	October 31,
	2022		2021
	(In thousands, except share amounts)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	55,093	$	40,061
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $289 and $340	96,018		108,309
Inventories, net	120,890		92,529

Prepaid and other current assets	8,664		8,148
Total current assets	280,665		249,047
Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $348,528 and $336,493	180,400		178,630
Operating lease right-of-use assets	56,000		52,708
Goodwill	137,855		149,205
Intangible assets, net	65,035		82,410
Other assets	4,662		5,323
Total assets	$	724,617	$	717,323
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	77,907	$	86,765
Accrued liabilities	52,114		56,156
Income taxes payable	1,049		6,038
Current maturities of long-term debt	1,046		846
Current operating lease liabilities	7,727		8,196
Total current liabilities	139,843		158,001
Long-term debt	29,628		52,094
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities	49,286		45,367
Deferred pension and postretirement benefits	3,917		4,737
Deferred income taxes	22,277		21,965
Liability for uncertain tax positions	1,361		1,388
Other liabilities	13,470		13,989
Total liabilities	259,782		297,541
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, no par value, shares authorized 1,000,000 issued and outstanding - none	—		—
Common stock, $0.01 par value, shares authorized 125,000,000 issued 37,211,056 and 37,273,510 respectively; outstanding 33,129,250 and 33,274,785, respectively	372		373
Additional paid-in-capital	251,947		254,162
Retained earnings	337,456		259,718
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(49,422)		(21,770)
Less: Treasury stock at cost, 4,081,806 and 3,998,725 shares, respectively	(75,518)		(72,701)
Total stockholders’ equity	464,835		419,782
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	724,617	$	717,323

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

For the Years Ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands, except per share amounts)
Net sales	$	1,221,502	$	1,072,149	$	851,573
Cost and expenses:
Cost of sales (excluding depreciation and amortization)	953,004		831,541		658,750
Selling, general and administrative	117,108		115,967		89,707
Restructuring charges	—		39		622
Depreciation and amortization	40,109		42,732		47,229

Operating income	111,281		81,870		55,265
Non-operating (expense) income:
Interest expense	(2,559)		(2,530)		(5,245)
Other, net	1,041		754		280
Income before income taxes	109,763		80,094		50,300
Income tax expense	(21,427)		(23,114)		(11,804)
Net income	$	88,336	$	56,980	$	38,496

Basic earnings per common share	$	2.67	$	1.72	$	1.18

Diluted earnings per common share	$	2.66	$	1.70	$	1.17

Weighted-average common shares outstanding:
Basic	33,048		33,193		32,689
Diluted	33,205		33,495		32,821

Cash dividends per share	$	0.32	$	0.32	$	0.32

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

For the Years Ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Net income	$	88,336	$	56,980	$	38,496
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation adjustments (loss) gain	(28,334)		7,152		1,078

Change in pension from net unamortized gain (loss) (pretax)	897		5,477		(376)
Change in pension from net unamortized gain (loss) tax (expense) benefit	(215)		(1,375)		91
Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	(27,652)		11,254		793
Comprehensive income	$	60,684	$	68,234	$	39,289

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

For the Years Ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020


	Common Stock							Accumulated		Treasury Stock			Total
	Shares	Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Other Comprehensive Loss		Shares	Amount		Stockholders’ Equity
	(In thousands, except share amounts)
Balance at October 31, 2019	37,370,402	$	374	$	254,673	$	185,703	$	(33,817)	(4,348,613)	$	(76,746)	$	330,187
Net income	—	—		—		38,496		—		—	—		38,496
Foreign currency translation adjustments	—	—		—		—		1,078		—	—		1,078
Change in pension from net unamortized loss (net of tax benefit of $91)	—	—		—		—		(285)		—	—		(285)
Common dividends ($0.32 per share)	—	—		—		(10,534)		—		—	—		(10,534)
Treasury shares purchased, at cost	—	—		—		—		—		(450,000)	(7,233)		(7,233)
Expense related to stock-based compensation	—	—		879		—		—		—			879
Stock options exercised	—	—		66		(242)		—		215,733	3,801		3,625
Restricted stock awards granted	—	—		(1,212)		94		—		63,400	1,118		—
Performance share awards vested	—	—		(495)		—		—		28,051	495		—
Other	(74,236)	(1)		(453)		—		—		—	—		(454)
Balance at October 31, 2020	37,296,166	$	373	$	253,458	$	213,517	$	(33,024)	(4,491,429)	$	(78,565)	$	355,759
Net income	—	—		—		56,980		—		—	—		56,980
Foreign currency translation adjustments	—	—		—		—		7,152		—	—		7,152
Change in pension from net unamortized gain (net of tax of expense of $1,375)	—	—		—		—		4,102		—	—		4,102
Common dividends ($0.32 per share)	—	—		—		(10,779)		—		—	—		(10,779)
Expense related to stock-based compensation	—	—		1,970		—		—		—			1,970
Treasury shares purchased, at cost	—	—		—		—		—		(478,311)	(11,182)		(11,182)
Stock options exercised	—	—		1,073		—		—		865,393	15,199		16,272
Restricted stock awards granted	—	—		(1,282)		—		—		73,300	1,282		—
Performance share awards vested	—	—		(565)		—		—		32,322	565		—
Other	(22,656)	—		(492)		—		—		—	—		(492)
Balance at October 31, 2021	37,273,510	$	373	$	254,162	$	259,718	$	(21,770)	(3,998,725)	$	(72,701)	$	419,782
Net income	—	—		—		88,336		—		—	—		88,336
Foreign currency translation adjustments	—	—		—		—		(28,334)		—	—		(28,334)
Change in pension from net unamortized gain (net of tax expense of $215)	—	—		—		—		682		—	—		682
Common dividends ($0.32 per share)	—	—		—		(10,598)		—		—	—		(10,598)
Treasury shares purchased, at cost	—	—		—		—		—		(291,000)	(6,600)		(6,600)
Expense related to stock-based compensation	—	—		2,291		—		—		—			2,291
Stock options exercised	—	—		38		—		—		35,600	651		689

Restricted stock awards granted	—	—		(1,534)		—		—		84,400	1,534		—
Performance share awards vested	—	—		(1,598)		—		—		87,919	1,598		—
Other	(62,454)	(1)		(1,412)		—		—		—	—		(1,413)
Balance at October 31, 2022	37,211,056	$	372	$	251,947	$	337,456	$	(49,422)	(4,081,806)	$	(75,518)	$	464,835

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOW

For the Years Ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(In thousands)
Operating activities:
Net income	$	88,336	$	56,980	$	38,496
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	40,109		42,732		47,229
Loss on disposition of capital assets	109		3,039		—
Stock-based compensation	2,291		1,970		879
Deferred income tax	2,097		1,785		(189)




Other, net	1,905		2,126		1,689
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Decrease (increase) in accounts receivable	6,945		(19,017)		(5,766)
(Increase) decrease in inventory	(32,035)		(31,382)		6,119
(Increase) decrease in other current assets	(970)		(1,817)		2,896
(Decrease) increase in accounts payable	(3,047)		7,097		15,922
(Decrease) increase in accrued liabilities	(3,159)		16,212		(3,156)
(Decrease) increase in income taxes payable	(5,192)		(378)		237
Increase (decrease) in deferred pension and postretirement benefits	77		(708)		(2,775)
Increase (decrease) in other long-term liabilities	305		477		(236)
Other, net	194		(528)		(549)
Cash provided by operating activities	97,965		78,588		100,796
Investing activities:


Capital expenditures	(33,121)		(24,008)		(25,726)
Proceeds from disposition of capital assets	159		5,300		502

Cash used for investing activities	(32,962)		(18,708)		(25,224)
Financing activities:
Borrowings under credit facility	70,500		—		114,500
Repayments of credit facility borrowings	(95,500)		(65,000)		(154,000)
Debt issuance costs	(1,210)		—		—
Repayments of other long-term debt	(1,747)		(680)		(1,027)
Common stock dividends paid	(10,598)		(10,779)		(10,534)
Issuance of common stock	689		16,272		3,626

Payroll tax paid to settle shares forfeited upon vesting of stock	(1,413)		(492)		(454)
Purchase of treasury stock	(6,600)		(11,182)		(7,233)

Cash used for financing activities	(45,879)		(71,861)		(55,122)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(4,092)		421		303
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	15,032		(11,560)		20,753
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	40,061		51,621		30,868
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	55,093	$	40,061	$	51,621

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Operations

Quanex Building Products Corporation is a component supplier to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in the building products industry. These components can be categorized as window and door (fenestration) components and kitchen and bath cabinet components. Examples of fenestration components include: (1) energy-efficient flexible insulating glass spacers, (2) extruded vinyl profiles, (3) window and door screens, and (4) precision-formed metal and wood products. We also manufacture cabinet doors and other components for OEMs in the kitchen and bathroom cabinet industry. In addition, we provide certain other non-fenestration components and products, which include solar panel sealants, trim moldings, vinyl decking, fencing, water retention barriers, and conservatory roof components. We have organized our business into three reportable business segments: (1) North American Fenestration (NA Fenestration), (2) European Fenestration (EU Fenestration) and (3) North American Cabinet Components (NA Cabinet Components). For additional discussion of our reportable business segments, see Note 16, “Segment Information.” We use low-cost production processes and engineering expertise to provide our customers with specialized products for their specific window, door, and cabinet applications. We believe these capabilities provide us with unique competitive advantages. We serve a primary customer base in North America and the United Kingdom (U.K.), and also serve customers in international markets through our operating plants in the U.K. and Germany, as well as through sales and marketing efforts in other countries.

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared by us in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP). We consolidate our wholly-owned subsidiaries and eliminate intercompany sales and transactions. We have no cost or equity investments in companies that are not wholly-owned. In our opinion, these audited financial statements contain all adjustments necessary to fairly present our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented.

Use of Estimates

In preparing financial statements, we make informed judgments and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We review our estimates on an ongoing basis, including those related to impairment of long lived assets and goodwill, pension and retirement liabilities, contingencies and income taxes. Changes in facts and circumstances may result in revised estimates and actual results may differ from these estimates.

A summary of our significant accounting policies consistently applied in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements follows:

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Revenue recognition

We recognize revenue that reflects the consideration we expect to receive for product sales upon transfer to customers. Revenue for product sales is recognized when control of the promised products is transferred to our customers, and we are entitled to consideration in exchange for such transfer. We account for a contract when a customer provides us with a firm purchase order that identifies the products to be provided, the payment terms for those products, and when collectability of the consideration due is probable.

Performance obligations

A performance obligation is a promise to provide the customer with a good or service. Our performance obligations include product sales, with each product included in a customer contract being recognized as a separate performance obligation. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the standalone selling price of each product is generally readily observable.

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QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

Revenue from product sales is recognized at a point in time when the product is transferred to the customer, in accordance with the shipping terms, which is generally upon shipment. We estimate a provision for sales returns and warranty allowances to account for product returns related to general returns and product nonconformance.

We generally expense incremental costs of obtaining a contract when incurred because the amortization period would be less than one year. Additionally, we do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected length of one year or less.

Pricing and sales incentives

Pricing is established at or prior to the time of sale with our customers and we record sales at the agreed-upon net selling price, reflective of current and prospective discounts.

Shipping and handling costs

We account for shipping and handling services as fulfillment services; accordingly, freight revenue is combined with the product deliverable rather than being accounted for as a distinct performance obligation within the terms of the agreement. Shipping and handling costs incurred by us for the delivery of goods to customers are considered a cost to fulfill the contract and are included in cost of sales in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

Contract assets and liabilities

Deferred revenue, which is not significant, is recorded when we have remaining unsatisfied performance obligations for which we have received consideration.

Disaggregation of revenue

We produce a wide variety of products that are used in the fenestration industry, including insulating glass spacer systems; extruded vinyl products; metal fabricated products; and astragals, thresholds and screens. In addition, we produce certain non-fenestration products, including kitchen and bath cabinet doors and components, flooring and trim moldings, solar edge tape, plastic decking, fencing, water retention barriers, conservatory roof components, and other products.

The following table summarizes our product sales for the three years ended October 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 into groupings by segment which we believe depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenues and cash flows are affected by economic factors. For further details regarding our results by segment, refer to Note 16, “Segment Information.”

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QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(in thousands)
NA Fenestration:
United States - fenestration	$	609,572	$	507,634	$	427,616
International - fenestration	35,906		34,610		28,585
United States - non-fenestration	29,039		24,534		19,279
International - non-fenestration	12,941		11,554		7,935
	$	687,458	$	578,332	$	483,415
EU Fenestration:

International - fenestration	$	194,854	$	199,511	$	134,432
International - non-fenestration	67,204		52,088		26,622
	$	262,058	$	251,599	$	161,054
NA Cabinet Components:
United States - fenestration	$	17,696	$	13,326	$	11,842
United States - non-fenestration	254,726		230,559		196,479
International - non-fenestration	3,282		2,190		1,778
	$	275,704	$	246,075	$	210,099
Unallocated Corporate & Other:
Eliminations	$	(3,718)	$	(3,857)	$	(2,995)
	$	(3,718)	$	(3,857)	$	(2,995)
Net sales	$	1,221,502	$	1,072,149	$	851,573

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents include all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less. Such securities with an original maturity which exceeds three months are deemed to be short-term investments. We maintain cash and cash equivalents at several financial institutions, which at times may not be federally insured or may exceed federally insured limits. We have not experienced any losses in such accounts and believe we are not exposed to any significant credit risks on such accounts.

Concentration of Credit Risk and Allowance for Credit Losses

Certain of our businesses or product lines are largely dependent on a relatively few large customers. Although we believe we have an extensive customer base, the loss of one of these large customers or if such customers were to incur a prolonged period of decline in business, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. For the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2020, one customer provided more than 10% of our consolidated net sales. For the year ended October 31, 2021, no customer provided more than 10% of our consolidated net sales.

We have established an allowance for credit losses to estimate the risk of loss associated with our accounts receivable balances. Our policy for determining the allowance is based on factors that affect collectability, including: (a) historical trends of write-offs, recoveries and credit losses; (b) the credit quality of our customers; and (c) projected economic and market conditions. We believe our allowance is adequate to absorb any known or probable losses as of October 31, 2022. Different assumptions or changes in economic circumstances could result in changes to the allowance.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

Business Combinations

We apply the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations, which requires us to make use of estimates and judgments to allocate the purchase price paid for acquisitions to the fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired. We account for contingent assets and liabilities at fair value on the acquisition date, and record changes to fair value associated with these assets and liabilities as a period cost as incurred. We use established valuation techniques and engage reputable valuation specialists to assist us with these valuations. However, there is a risk that we may not identify all pre-acquisition contingencies or that our estimates may not reflect the actual results when realized. We use a reasonable measurement period to record any adjustment related to the opening balance sheet (generally, less than one year). After the measurement period, changes to the opening balance sheet can result in the recognition of income or expense as period costs. To the extent these items stem from contingencies that existed at the balance sheet date, but are contingent upon the realization of future events, the cost is charged to expense at the time the future event becomes known.

Inventory

We record inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventories are valued using the first-in first-out (FIFO) method. Fixed costs related to excess manufacturing capacity are evaluated and expensed in the period, to ensure that inventory is properly capitalized. Inventory quantities are regularly reviewed and provisions for excess or obsolete inventory are recorded primarily based on our forecast of future demand and our estimates regarding current and future market conditions. Significant unanticipated variances to our forecasts could require a change in the provision for excess or obsolete inventory, resulting in a charge to net income during the period of the change.

Long-Lived Assets

Property, Plant and Equipment and Intangible Assets with Defined Lives

We make judgments and estimates related to the carrying value of property, plant and equipment, intangible assets with defined lives, and long-lived assets, which include determining when to capitalize costs, the depreciation and amortization methods to use and the useful lives of these assets. We evaluate these assets for impairment when there are indicators that the carrying values of these assets might not be recoverable. Such indicators of impairment may include changes in technology, significant market fluctuations, historical losses or loss of a significant customer, or other changes in circumstance that could affect the assets’ ability to generate future cash flows. When we evaluate these assets for impairment, we compare the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset to its carrying value. If the carrying value exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows, and there is no alternative use for the asset, we determine that the asset is impaired. To measure the impairment charge, we compare the carrying amount of the long-lived asset to its fair value, as determined by quoted market prices in active markets, if available, or by discounting the projected future cash flows. This calculation of fair value requires us to develop and employ long-term forecasts of future operating results related to these assets. These forecasts are based on assumptions about demand for our products and future market conditions. Future events and unanticipated changes to these assumptions could require a provision for impairment, resulting in a charge to net income during the period of the change.

We monitor relevant circumstances, including industry trends, general economic conditions, and the potential impact that such circumstances might have on the valuation of our identifiable intangible assets with finite lives. Events and changes in circumstance that may cause a triggering event and necessitate such a review include, but are not limited to: a decrease in sales for certain customers, improvements or changes in technology, and/or a decision to discontinue the use of a trademark or trade name, or to allow a patent to lapse. Such events could negatively impact the fair value of our identifiable intangible assets. In such circumstances, we may evaluate the underlying assumptions and estimates made by us in order to assess the appropriate valuation of these identifiable intangible assets and compare to the carrying value of the assets. We may be required to write down these identifiable intangible assets and record a non-cash impairment charge. When we originally value our intangible assets, we use a variety of techniques to establish the carrying value of the assets, including the relief from royalty method, excess current year earnings method and income method.

The World Health Organization's (WHO), declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic also created significant changes in market conditions throughout 2020 that have continued into 2021. We determined that these conditions were indicators of a triggering event in 2020 which necessitated an evaluation of certain long-term assets used in these businesses for potential impairment. We compared the projected undiscounted cash flows we expected to realize associated with these assets over the remaining useful lives of the primary operating assets to the net book value of the long-term assets, including goodwill, and determined that these assets were not impaired.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

During the year ended October 31, 2022, our North American vinyl extrusion operations in our NA Fenestration segment experienced lower-than-expected operating results due to the continued impact of inflation and historical customer contracts which prevent us from passing on the full impact of higher costs to our customers. We determined that this condition was an indicator of a triggering event which necessitated an evaluation of certain long-term assets used in this business for potential impairment. We compared the projected undiscounted cash flows we expected to realize associated with these assets over the remaining useful lives of the primary operating assets to the net book value of the long-term assets and determined that these assets were not impaired. Should we be unable to successfully increase prices to offset inflation, it is possible that we could incur an impairment in the future.

There were no indicators of triggering events noted for any period in the year ended October 31, 2021. Therefore, we did not record an impairment charge related to property, plant and equipment or intangible assets with defined lives during the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

Software development costs, including costs incurred to purchase third-party software, are capitalized when we have determined that the technology is capable of meeting our performance requirements, and we have authorized funding for the project. We cease capitalization of software costs when the software is substantially complete and is ready for its intended use. The software is then amortized over its estimated useful life. When events or circumstances indicate the carrying value of internal use software might not be recoverable, we assess the recoverability of these assets by comparing the carrying value of the asset to the undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated from the asset’s use, consistent with the methodology to test other property, plant and equipment for impairment.

Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost and is depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. We capitalize betterments which extend the useful lives or significantly improve the operational efficiency of assets. We expense repair and maintenance costs as incurred.

The estimated useful lives of our primary asset categories at October 31, 2022 were as follows:


			Useful Life (in Years)
Land improvements			7 to 25
Buildings			25 to 40
Building improvements			5 to 20
Machinery and equipment			2 to 15

Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the term of the lease.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

Goodwill

At our annual testing date, August 31, 2022, we had five reporting units with goodwill balances: two reporting units included in our NA Fenestration operating segment, two reporting units included in our EU Fenestration operating segment, and one reporting unit included in our NA Cabinet Components operating segment. We performed a qualitative assessment of one of the reporting units in the NA Fenestration segment and two of the reporting units in the EU Fenestration segment. This review included an analysis of historical goodwill test results, operating results relative to forecast, projected results over the next five years, and other measures and concluded that there were no indicators of potential impairment associated with these reporting units. Therefore, no additional testing was deemed necessary for these three reporting units. Also, at our annual testing date, we performed a quantitative assessment of the reporting unit in our NA Cabinet Components segment primarily due to the impairment of goodwill during the second and fourth quarters of 2019 and the history of a narrow margin of fair value above carrying value in quantitative assessments performed in prior years. We determined that the fair value of this reporting unit exceeded their carrying values by approximately 12.0%. We also elected to update the quantitative assessment of the other reportable unit in the NA Fenestration operating segment. We determined that the fair value of this reporting unit exceeded their carrying values by approximately 384.9%. We concluded that no impairment was necessary.

Restructuring

We accrue one-time severance costs pursuant to an approved plan of restructuring at the communication date, when affected employees have been notified of the potential severance and sufficient information has been provided for the employee to calculate severance benefits, in the event the employee is involuntarily terminated. In addition, we accrue costs associated with the termination of contractual commitments including leases at the time the lease is terminated pursuant to the lease provisions or in accordance with another agreement with the landlord. Otherwise, we continue to recognize lease expense through the cease-use date. After the cease-use date, we determine if our operating lease payments are at market. We assume sublet of the facility at the market rate. To the extent our lease obligations exceed the fair value rentals, we discount to arrive at the present value and record a liability. If the facility is not sublet, we expense the amount of the assumed sublet in the current period. For other costs directly related to the restructuring effort, such as equipment moving costs, we expense in the period incurred.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

Insurance

We manage our exposure to losses for workers’ compensation, group medical, property, casualty and other insurance claims through a combination of self-insurance retentions and insurance coverage with third-party carriers. We record undiscounted liabilities associated with our portion of these exposures, which we estimate by considering various factors such as our historical claims experience, severity factors and estimated claims incurred but not reported, for which we have developed loss development factors, which are estimates as to how claims will develop over time until closed. While we consider a number of factors in preparing the estimates, sensitive assumptions using significant judgment are made in determining the amounts that are accrued in the financial statements. Actual claims could differ significantly from these estimated liabilities, depending on future claims experience. We do not record insurance recoveries until any contingencies relating to the claim have been resolved.

Retirement Plans

We sponsor a defined benefit pension plan and an unfunded postretirement plan that provides health care and life insurance benefits for a limited pool of eligible retirees and dependents. To measure our liabilities associated with these plans, we make assumptions related to future events, including expected return on plan assets, rate of compensation increases, and healthcare cost trend rates. The discount rate reflects the rate at which benefits could be effectively settled on the measurement date. We determine our discount rate using a FTSE Above Median pension discount curve whereby target yields are developed from bonds across a range of maturity points, and a curve is fitted to those targets. Spot rates (zero coupon bond yields) are developed from the curve and used to discount benefit payments associated with each future year. Actual pension plan asset investment performance, as well as other economic experience such as discount rate and demographic experience, will either reduce or increase unamortized pension losses at the end of any fiscal year, which ultimately affects future pension costs.

Warranty Obligations

We accrue warranty obligations when we recognize revenue for certain products. Our provision for warranty obligations is based on historical costs incurred for such obligations and is adjusted, where appropriate, based on current conditions and factors. Our ability to estimate our warranty obligations is subject to significant uncertainties, including changes in product design and our overall product sales mix.

Income Taxes

We record the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and the amounts reported in our consolidated balance sheets, as well as net operating losses and tax credit carry forwards. We evaluate the carrying value of the net deferred tax assets and determine whether we will be able to generate sufficient future taxable income to realize our deferred tax assets. We perform this review for recoverability on a jurisdictional basis, whereby we consider both positive and negative evidence related to the likelihood of realization of the deferred tax assets. The weight given to the positive and negative evidence is commensurate with the extent to which the evidence can be objectively verified. Cumulative losses in recent years is a significant piece of negative evidence that is difficult to overcome in determining that a valuation allowance is not needed against deferred tax assets. Thus, it is generally difficult for positive evidence regarding projected future taxable income exclusive of reversing taxable temporary differences to outweigh objective negative evidence of recent financial reporting losses. We believe we will fully realize our deferred tax assets, net of a recorded valuation allowance. We project future taxable income using the same forecasts used to test long-lived assets and intangibles for impairment, scheduling out the future reversal of existing taxable temporary differences and reviewing our most recent financial operations. In the event the estimates and assumptions indicate we will not generate sufficient future taxable income to realize our deferred tax assets, we record a valuation allowance against a portion of our deferred tax assets.

We evaluate our ongoing tax positions to determine if it is more-likely-than-not we will be successful in defending such positions if challenged by taxing authorities. To the extent that our tax positions do not meet the more-likely-than-not criteria, we record a liability for uncertain tax positions. We have recorded a liability for uncertain tax positions which stem from certain federal and state tax items related to the interpretation of tax laws and regulations. We continue to evaluate our positions regarding various state tax interpretations at each reporting date, until the applicable statute of limitations lapse.

On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was enacted into U.S. law. We are continuing to evaluate the regulation but do not anticipate a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

Derivative Instruments

We have historically used financial and commodity-based derivative contracts to manage our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and aluminum prices. All derivatives are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. We have not designated the derivative instruments we use as cash flow hedges under ASC Topic 815 “Derivatives and Hedging” (ASC 815). Therefore, all gains and losses, both realized and unrealized, are recognized in the consolidated statements of income (loss) in the period of the change as the underlying assets and liabilities are marked-to-market. We do not enter into derivative instruments for speculative or trading purposes. As such, these instruments are considered economic hedges, and are reflected in the operating activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flow.

Foreign Currency Translation

Our consolidated financial statements are presented in our reporting currency, the United States Dollar. Our German and U.K. operations are measured using the local currency as the functional currency. The assets and liabilities of our foreign operations which are denominated in other currencies are translated to United States Dollars using the prevailing exchange rates as of the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates for the applicable period. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss on the consolidated balance sheets.

Occasionally, we enter into transactions that are denominated in currencies other than our functional currency. At each balance sheet date, we translate these asset or liability accounts to our functional currency and record unrealized transaction gains or losses. When these assets or liabilities settle, we record realized transaction gains or losses. These realized and unrealized gains or losses are included in the accompanying consolidated statements of income under the caption, “Other, net.”

Stock–Based Compensation

We have issued stock-based compensation in the form of stock options to directors, employees and officers, and non-vested restricted stock awards to certain key employees and officers. We apply the provisions of ASC Topic 718 “Compensation - Stock Compensation” (ASC 718), to determine the fair value of stock option awards on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model. We recognize the fair value as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award based on awards ultimately expected to vest. Stock options granted to directors vest immediately while the stock options granted to our employees and officers typically vest ratably over a three-year period with service and continued employment as the vesting conditions. For new option grants to retirement-eligible employees, we recognize expense and vest immediately upon grant, consistent with the retirement vesting acceleration provisions of these grants. For employees near retirement age, we amortize such grants over the period from the grant date to the retirement-eligibility date if such period is shorter than the standard vesting schedule. For grants of non-vested restricted stock, we calculate the compensation expense at the grant date as the number of shares granted multiplied by the closing stock price of our common stock on the date of grant. This expense is recognized ratably over the vesting period. Our non-vested restricted stock grants to officers and employees cliff vest over a three-year period with service and continued employment as the only vesting criteria. Our fair value determination of stock-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model is affected by our stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of highly complex and subjective variables. These variables include, but are not limited to, our expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behavior over the expected term, our dividend rate, risk-free rate and expectation with regards to forfeitures. Option-pricing models were developed for use in estimating the value of traded options that have no vesting or hedging restrictions and are fully transferable. Because our employee stock options have certain characteristics that are significantly different from traded options, and because changes in the subjective assumptions can materially affect the estimated value, the valuation models may not provide an accurate measure of the fair value of our employee stock options. Accordingly, that value may not be indicative of the fair value observed in a willing buyer/willing seller market transaction.

We have granted other awards which are linked to the performance of our common stock, but will settle in cash rather than the issuance of shares of our common stock. The value of these awards fluctuates with changes in our stock price, with the resulting gains or losses reflected in the period of the change. We have recorded current and non-current liabilities related to these awards reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at October 31, 2022 and 2021. See Note 13, “Stock-based Compensation.”

In addition, we have granted performance share awards which use return on net assets as the vesting condition and the awards settle in cash. We use a Monte Carlo simulation model to value the market condition and our stock price on the date of grant to value the internal performance condition and recognize expense ratably over the vesting period of three years. We estimate that the performance measures will be met and shares will vest at target until the year of settlement (third year of cliff

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

vesting). As of October 31, 2022, we have deemed 101,200 performance share awards related to the December 2019 grants as probable to vest.

We have also granted performance restricted stock units which settle in shares upon vesting. These awards cliff vest upon a three-year service period with the absolute performance of our common stock as the vesting criteria. The number of performance restricted stock units earned is variable depending on the metric achieved, and the settlement method is 100% in our common stock, with accrued dividends paid in cash at the time of vesting, assuming the shares had been outstanding throughout the performance period. To value the performance restricted stock units, we use a Monte Carlo simulation model to arrive at a grant-date fair value. This amount will be adjusted for forfeitures and expensed over the three-year term of the award with a credit to additional paid-in-capital. Similar to performance shares, the performance restricted stock units are not considered outstanding shares, do not have voting rights, and are excluded from diluted weighted-average shares used to calculate earnings per share until the performance criteria is probable to result in the issuance of contingent shares. As of October 31, 2022, we have deemed 32,680 shares related to the December 2019 grants of performance restricted stock units as probable to vest.

Treasury Stock

We use the cost method to record treasury stock purchases whereby the entire cost of the acquired shares of our common stock is recorded as treasury stock (at cost). When we subsequently reissue these shares, proceeds in excess of cost upon the issuance of treasury shares are credited to additional paid-in-capital, while any deficiency is charged to retained earnings.

Earnings per Share Data

We calculate basic earnings per share based on the weighted average number of our common shares outstanding for the applicable period. We calculate diluted earnings per share based on the weighted average number of our common shares outstanding for the period plus all potentially dilutive securities using the treasury stock method, whereby we assume that all such shares are converted into common shares at the beginning of the period, if deemed to be dilutive. If we incur a loss from continuing operations, the effects of potentially dilutive common stock equivalents (stock options and unvested restricted stock awards) are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the effect would be anti-dilutive. Performance shares and performance restricted stock units are excluded from contingent shares for purposes of calculating diluted weighted average shares until the performance measure criteria is probable and shares are likely to be issued.

Supplemental Cash Flow Information

The following table summarizes our supplemental cash flow information for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Cash paid for interest	$	1,982	$	1,993	$	4,715
Cash paid for income taxes	26,410		22,160		12,118
Cash received from income tax refunds	2,235		381		352
Noncash investing and financing activities:
(Decrease) increase in capitalized expenditures in accounts payable	$	(1,692)	$	1,124	$	2,370

Related Party Transactions

Net sales for the year ended October 31, 2022 included approximately $1.9 million of transactions with a customer which is a related party with one of our non-employee directors. We performed a review of these transactions, of which no single transaction or series of related transactions exceeded $120,000 in amount, and determined that these transactions were enacted independently of each other in fair transactions. We are not aware of any other related party transactions with any of our current non-employee directors or officers outside of their normal business functions or expected contractual duties.

Subsequent Events

We have evaluated events occurring after the balance sheet date for possible disclosure as a subsequent event through the

date the financial statements were issued. For additional discussion of our subsequent events, see Note 20, “Subsequent Events.”

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

2. Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

Accounts receivable consisted of the following as of October 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):


	October 31,
	2022		2021
Trade receivables	$	95,851	$	107,725
Other	456		924
Total	96,307		108,649
Less: Allowance for credit losses	289		340
Accounts receivable, net	$	96,018	$	108,309

The changes in our allowance for credit losses were as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Beginning balance as of November 1, 2021, 2020 and 2019	$	340	$	161	$	393
Current period provision for expected credit losses	314		267		262
Amounts written off	(299)		(88)		(494)
Recoveries	10		—		—
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(76)		—		—
Balance as of October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020	$	289	$	340	$	161

3. Inventories

Inventories consisted of the following at October 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):


	October 31,
	2022		2021
Raw materials	$	68,455	$	49,867
Finished goods and work in process	54,013		43,499
Supplies and other	1,551		2,099
Total	124,019		95,465
Less: Inventory reserves	3,129		2,936
Inventories, net	$	120,890	$	92,529

The changes in our inventory reserve accounts were as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Beginning balance as of November 1, 2021, 2020 and 2019	$	2,936	$	6,484	$	3,790
Charged to cost of sales	494		(568)		2,713
Write-offs	(133)		(3,060)		—
Other	(168)		80		(19)
Balance as of October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020	$	3,129	$	2,936	$	6,484

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

4. Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following at October 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):


	October 31,
	2022		2021
Land and land improvements	$	10,702	$	10,285
Buildings and building improvements	105,696		101,740
Machinery and equipment	384,023		386,996
Construction in progress	28,507		16,102
Property, plant and equipment, gross	528,928		515,123
Less: Accumulated depreciation	348,528		336,493
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	180,400	$	178,630

Depreciation expense for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $26.9 million, $28.8 million and $31.8 million, respectively.

If there are indicators of potential impairment, we evaluate our property, plant and equipment for recoverability over the remaining useful lives of the assets. We did not incur impairment losses associated with these assets for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. See further discussion at Note 1, “Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies - Long-Lived Assets - Property, Plant and Equipment and Intangible Assets with Defined Lives.”

5. Leases

We recognize a right-of-use (ROU) asset and lease liability for each operating and finance lease with a contractual term greater than 12 months at the time of lease inception. We include ROU assets and lease liabilities for leases that exist within other contracts. Leases with an original term of 12 months or less are not recognized on the balance sheet, and the rent expense related to those short-term leases is recognized over the lease term. We do not account for lease and non-lease (e.g. common area maintenance) components of contracts separately for any underlying asset class.

We lease certain manufacturing plants, warehouses, office space, vehicles and equipment under finance and operating leases. Lease commencement occurs on the date we take possession or control of the property or equipment. Original terms for our real estate-related leases are generally between five and twenty years. Original terms for equipment-related leases, primarily manufacturing equipment and vehicles, are generally between one and ten years. Some of our leases also include rental escalation clauses. Renewal options are included in the determination of lease payments when management determines the options are reasonably certain of exercise, considering financial performance, strategic importance and/or invested capital.

If readily determinable, the rate implicit in the lease is used to discount lease payments to present value; however, substantially all of our leases do not provide a readily determinable implicit rate. When the implicit rate is not determinable, our estimated incremental borrowing rate is utilized, determined on a collateralized basis, to discount lease payments based on information available at lease commencement.

Total lease costs recorded include fixed operating lease costs and variable lease costs. Most of our real estate leases require we pay certain expenses, such as common area maintenance costs, of which the fixed portion is included in operating lease costs. We recognize operating lease costs on a straight-line basis over the lease term. In addition to the above costs, variable lease costs are recognized when probable and are not included in determining the present value of our lease liability.

The ROU asset is measured at the initial amount of the lease liability (calculated as the present value of lease payments over the term of the lease) adjusted for lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date and initial direct costs. For operating leases, ROU assets are reduced over the lease term by the recognized straight-line lease expense less the amount of accretion of the lease liability determined using the effective interest method. For finance leases, ROU assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the useful life of the leased asset or the lease term. Interest expense on each finance lease liability is recognized utilizing the effective interest method. ROU assets are tested for impairment in the same manner as long-lived assets and we determined there have been no triggering events for impairment. Additionally, we monitor for events or changes in circumstances that may require a reassessment of one of our leases and determine if a remeasurement is required.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

The table below presents the lease-related assets and liabilities recorded on the balance sheet at October 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):


		October 31,
Leases	Classification	2022		2021
Assets
Operating lease assets	Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	56,000	$	52,708
Finance lease assets	Property, plant and equipment (less accumulated depreciation of $3,726 and $2,300)	22,003		16,921
Total lease assets		$	78,003	$	69,629

Liabilities
Current
Operating	Current operating lease liabilities	$	7,727	$	8,196
Finance	Current maturities of long-term debt	1,336		1,114
Noncurrent
Operating	Noncurrent operating lease liabilities	49,286		45,367
Finance	Long-term debt	17,816		14,335
Total lease liabilities		$	76,165	$	69,012

The table below presents the components of lease costs for the year ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022		2021
Operating lease cost	$	9,934	$	10,125
Finance lease cost
Amortization of leased assets	1,332		1,165
Interest on lease liabilities	583		561
Variable lease costs	977		983
Total lease cost	$	12,826	$	12,834

The table below presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the year ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022		2021
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Finance leases - financing cash flows	$	1,162	$	1,003
Finance leases - operating cash flows	$	583	$	561
Operating leases - operating cash flows	$	9,955	$	9,621

Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities:
Operating leases	$	13,872	$	8,737
Finance leases	$	6,467	$	469

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

The table below presents the weighted average remaining lease terms and weighted average discount rates for the Company's leases as of October 31, 2022 and 2021:


	October 31,
	2022		2021
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)
Operating leases	10.8		7.7
Financing leases	13.7		15.1

Weighted average discount rate
Operating leases	3.84	%	3.23	%
Financing leases	3.78	%	3.72	%

The table below presents the maturity of the lease liabilities as of October 31, 2022 (in thousands):


	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
2023	$	9,668	$	2,027
2024	8,920		1,980
2025	7,213		1,922
2026	6,229		1,807
2027	5,589		1,709
Thereafter	33,769		15,123
Total lease payments	71,388		24,568
Less: present value discount	14,378		5,418
Total lease liabilities	$	57,010	$	19,150

6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

The change in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 was as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022		2021
Beginning balance as of November 1, 2021 and 2020	$	149,205	$	146,154



Foreign currency translation adjustment	(11,350)		3,051
Balance as of October 31, 2022 and 2021	$	137,855	$	149,205

At our annual testing date, August 31, 2022, we had five reporting units with goodwill balances. Two of these units were included in our NA Fenestration segment and had goodwill balances of $35.9 million and $2.8 million, two units were included in our EU Fenestration segment with goodwill balances of $45.1 million and $14.9 million, and our NA Cabinet Components segment had one unit with a goodwill balance of $39.2 million. The details of the results of our goodwill assessments during the year ended October 31, 2022 are more fully described at Note 1, “Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies - Long-Lived Assets - Goodwill.” For a summary of the change in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment, see Note 16, “Segment Information.”

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Identifiable Intangible Assets

Amortizable intangible assets consisted of the following as of October 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):


	October 31, 2022	October 31, 2022				October 31, 2021
	Remaining Weighted Average Useful Life	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization
Customer relationships	8 years	$	139,607	$	88,646	$	146,207	$	81,086
Trademarks and trade names	7 years	54,389		40,610		56,437		39,589
Patents and other technology	5 years	22,390		22,095		22,525		22,084

Total		$	216,386	$	151,351	$	225,169	$	142,759

We do not estimate a residual value associated with these intangible assets. See additional disclosure at Note 1, "Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies - Restructuring."

During the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, we retired fully amortized identifiable intangible assets of zero and $9.9 million, respectively, related to customer relationships.

The aggregate amortization expense associated with identifiable intangible assets for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $11.9 million, $12.8 million and $14.3 million, respectively.

Estimated remaining amortization expense, assuming current intangible balances and no new acquisitions, for future fiscal years as of October 31, 2022 (in thousands):


	Estimated Amortization Expense
2023	$	10,908
2024	10,156
2025	8,930
2026	8,855
2027	8,856
Thereafter	17,330
Total	$	65,035

We did not incur impairment losses related to our identifiable intangible assets during the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

7. Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following at October 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):


	October 31,
	2022		2021
Payroll, payroll taxes and employee benefits	$	23,878	$	30,039
Accrued insurance and workers compensation	7,232		6,340
Sales allowances	7,456		8,590
Deferred compensation (current portion)	—		395
Deferred revenue	792		627
Warranties	13		77
Audit, legal, and other professional fees	3,136		1,886
Accrued taxes	2,864		3,258

Other	6,743		4,944
Accrued liabilities	$	52,114	$	56,156

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8. Debt

Long-term debt consisted of the following at October 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):


	October 31,
	2022		2021
Revolving Credit Facility	$	13,000	$	38,000

Finance lease obligations and other	19,202		15,537
Unamortized deferred financing fees	(1,528)		(597)
Total debt	30,674		52,940
Less: Current maturities of long-term debt	1,046		846
Long-term debt	$	29,628	$	52,094

Revolving Credit Facility

On July 6, 2022, we entered into our Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Credit Facility”) with Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as Agent, Swingline Lender and Issuing Lender, and BofA Securities, Inc. serving as Syndication Agent. We capitalized $1.2 million of deferred financing fees related to the Credit Facility during the year ended October 31, 2022. This $325.0 million revolving credit facility has a five-year term, maturing on July 6, 2027, and replaced our previous credit facility we entered into on October 18, 2018. Our previous credit facility is more fully described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2021.

Interest payments for the Credit Facility are calculated, at our election and depending upon the Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio, at a Base Rate plus an applicable margin or at the same rate as Risk-Free Rate (“RFR”) Loans for domestic borrowings or Eurocurrency Rate Loans plus an applicable margin. In addition, we are subject to commitment fees for the unused portion of the Credit Facility. As of October 31, 2022, the applicable rate was RFR + 1.25%.

The applicable margin and commitment fees are outlined in the following table:


Pricing Level	Consolidated Leverage Ratio	Commitment Fee	Eurocurrency Rate Loans and RFR Loans	Base Rate Loans
I	Less than or equal to 1.50 to 1.00	0.150%	1.25%	0.25%
II	Greater than 1.50 to 1.00, but less than or equal to 2.25 to 1.00	0.175%	1.50%	0.50%
III	Greater than 2.25 to 1.00, but less than or equal to 3.00 to 1.00	0.200%	1.75%	0.75%
IV	Greater than 3.00 to 1.00	0.250%	2.00%	1.00%

In the event of default, outstanding borrowings accrue interest at the Default Rate, as defined, whereby the obligations will bear interest at a per annum rate equal to 2% above the total per annum rate otherwise applicable.

The Credit Facility provides for incremental revolving credit commitments for a minimum principal amount of $10.0 million, up to an aggregate amount of $150.0 million or 100% of Consolidated EBITDA, subject to the lender's discretion to elect or decline the incremental increase. We can also borrow up to the lesser of $15.0 million or the revolving credit commitment, as defined, under a Swingline feature of the Credit Agreement.

The Credit Facility contains a: (1) Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio requirement whereby we must not permit the Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio, as defined, to be less than 3.00 to 1.00, and (2) Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio requirement whereby the Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio, as defined, must be greater than 3.25 to 1.00.

In addition to maintaining these financial covenants, the Credit Facility also limits our ability to enter into certain business transactions, such as to incur indebtedness or liens, to acquire businesses or dispose of material assets, make restricted payments, pay dividends (limited to $25.0 million per year) and other transactions as further defined in the Credit Facility. Some of these limitations, however, do not take effect so long as total leverage is less than or equal to 2.75 to 1.00 and available liquidity exceeds $25.0 million. Substantially all of our domestic assets, with the exception of real property were used as collateral for the Credit Agreement.

As of October 31, 2022, we had $13.0 million of borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility (reduced by unamortized debt issuance costs of $1.5 million), $5.0 million of outstanding letters of credit and $19.2 million outstanding

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under finance leases. We had $307.0 million available for use under the Credit Facility at October 31, 2022. The borrowings outstanding as of October 31, 2022 under the Credit Facility accrue interest at 5.08% per annum, and our weighted average borrowing rate for borrowings outstanding during the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 was 2.16% and 1.42%, respectively. We were in compliance with our debt covenants as of October 31, 2022.

We maintain certain finance lease obligations related to equipment purchases, vehicles, and warehouse space. Refer to Note 5 “Leases” for further information regarding our finance leases.

The table below presents the scheduled maturity dates of our long-term debt outstanding (excluding deferred financing fees of $1.5 million) at October 31, 2022 (in thousands):


	Revolving Credit Facility		Finance Leases and Other Obligations		Aggregate Maturities
2023	$	—	$	2,065	$	2,065
2024	—		1,992		1,992
2025	—		1,922		1,922
2026	—		1,807		1,807
2027	13,000		1,709		14,709
Thereafter	—		15,125		15,125
Total debt payments	13,000		24,620		37,620
Less: present value discount of finance leases	—		(5,418)		(5,418)
Total	$	13,000	$	19,202	$	32,202

9. Retirement Plans

We have a number of retirement plans covering substantially all employees. We provide both defined benefit and defined contribution plans. In general, an employee’s coverage for retirement benefits depends on the location of employment.

Defined Benefit Plan

Our non-contributory, single employer defined benefit pension plan covers certain of our employees in the U.S. On January 1, 2020 we enacted changes to our pension plan whereby the benefits for all participants were frozen and thereafter those participants will receive increased benefits in the Company sponsored defined contribution plan in lieu of participation in a defined benefit plan. As a result of freezing the plan on January 1, 2020, we remeasured the pension assets and obligations for the pension plan, which resulted in a decrease to our projected benefit obligation and a corresponding net actuarial gain that was recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income.

During the three months ended October 31, 2022, we notified participants that our pension plan will be terminated effective November 1, 2022, with final settlement expected to occur in fiscal 2024. Until such time that the termination is complete, the participants will receive an interest related credit on their respective balance equivalent to the prevailing 30-year Treasury rate. The majority of our pension plan participants have their benefit determined pursuant to the cash balance formula. For the remaining participants, the benefit formula is a traditional formula for retirement benefits, whereby the plan pays benefits to employees upon retirement, using a formula which considers years of service and pensionable compensation prior to retirement.

The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 was signed into law on December 8, 2003. This Act introduces a Medicare prescription-drug benefit beginning in 2006 as well as a federal subsidy to sponsors of retiree health care plans that provide a benefit at least “actuarially equivalent” to the Medicare benefit. We concluded that our plans are at least “actuarially equivalent” to the Medicare benefit. For those who are otherwise eligible for the subsidy, we have not included this subsidy per the Act in our benefit calculations. The impact to net periodic benefit cost and to benefits paid did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

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Funded Status and Net periodic Benefit Cost

The changes in benefit obligation and plan assets, and our funded status (reported in deferred pension and postretirement benefits on the consolidated balance sheets) were as follows (in thousands):


	October 31,
Change in Benefit Obligation:	2022		2021
Beginning balance as of November 1, 2021 and 2020	$	42,379	$	44,825
Service cost	860		850
Interest cost	806		756
Actuarial loss	(6,944)		(849)
Benefits paid	(349)		(359)
Administrative expenses	(604)		(732)

Settlements	(3,619)		(2,112)
Projected benefit obligation at October 31, 2022 and 2021	$	32,529	$	42,379
Change in Plan Assets:
Beginning balance as of November 1, 2021 and 2020	$	37,642	$	34,120
Actual return on plan assets	(4,458)		6,225
Employer contributions	—		500
Benefits paid	(349)		(359)
Administrative expenses	(604)		(732)
Settlements	(3,619)		(2,112)
Fair value of plan assets at October 31, 2022 and 2021	$	28,612	$	37,642
Noncurrent liability - Funded Status	$	(3,917)	$	(4,737)

As of October 31, 2022 and 2021, included in our accumulated comprehensive loss was a net actuarial loss of $3.6 million and $4.5 million, respectively. There were no net prior service costs or transition obligations for the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021.

As of October 31, 2022 and 2021, the accumulated benefit obligation was $32.5 million and $42.4 million, respectively. The accumulated benefit obligation is the present value of pension benefits (whether vested or unvested) attributed to employee service rendered before the measurement date, and based on employee service and compensation prior to that date. The accumulated benefit obligation differs from the projected benefit obligation in that it includes no assumption about future compensation levels.

The net periodic benefit cost for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, was as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Service cost	$	860	$	850	$	1,262
Interest cost	806		756		1,139
Expected return on plan assets	(1,991)		(1,960)		(2,006)
Amortization of net loss	6		143		162
Settlements	396		222		462
Net periodic benefit cost	$	77	$	11	$	1,019

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The changes in plan assets and projected benefit obligations which were recognized in our other comprehensive loss for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Net (gain) loss arising during the period	$	(495)	$	(5,112)	$	2,141
Less: Amortization of net loss	6		143		162
Less: Curtailments	—		—		1,141
Less: Settlements	396		222		462
Total recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss	$	(897)	$	(5,477)	$	376

Measurement Date and Assumptions

We generally determine our actuarial assumptions on an annual basis, with a measurement date of October 31. The following table presents our assumptions for pension benefit calculations for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:


	For the Year Ended October 31,
	2022	2021	2020	2022	2021	2020
Weighted Average Assumptions:	Benefit Obligation			Net Periodic Benefit Cost
Discount rate	5.36%	2.77%	3.22%	2.77%	2.60%	3.10%
Rate of compensation increase	—%	—%	—%	—%	—%	—%
Expected return on plan assets	n/a	n/a	n/a	5.50%	6.00%	6.50%

The discount rate was used to calculate the present value of the projected benefit obligation for pension benefits. The rate reflects the amount at which benefits could be effectively settled on the measurement date. We used the FTSE Above Median Model whereby target yields are developed from bonds across a range of maturity points, and a curve is fitted to those targets. Spot rates (zero coupon bond yields) are developed from the curve and used to discount benefit payments associated with each future year. This model assumes spot rates will remain level beyond the 30-year point. We determine the present value of plan benefits by applying the discount rates to projected benefit cash flows.

The expected return on plan assets was used to determine net periodic pension expense. The rate of return assumptions were based on projected long-term market returns for the various asset classes in which the plans were invested, weighted by the target asset allocations. We review the return assumption at least annually. The rate of compensation increase represents the long-term assumption for expected increases in salaries.

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Plan Assets

The following tables provide our target allocation for the year ended October 31, 2022, as well as the actual asset allocation by asset category and fair value measurements as of October 31, 2022 and 2021:


	Target Allocation		Actual Allocation
	October 31, 2022		October 31, 2022		October 31, 2021
Equity securities	—	%	—	%	51.0	%
Fixed income	100.0	%	100.0	%	49.0	%


	Fair Value Measurements at
	October 31, 2022		October 31, 2021
	(In thousands)
Money market fund	$	22,508	$	300

Large capitalization	—		8,231
Small capitalization	—		1,493
International equity	—		6,992
Other	—		2,236
Equity securities	$	—	$	18,952

High-quality core bond	4,980		13,787
High-quality government bond	547		2,301
High-yield bond	577		2,302
Fixed income	$	6,104	$	18,390
Total securities(1)	$	28,612	$	37,642

(1)Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1).

Inputs and valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of plan assets vary according to the type of security being valued. All of the equity and debt securities held directly by the plans were actively traded and fair values were determined based on quoted market prices.

Our investment objective for defined benefit plan assets is to meet the plans’ benefit obligations, while minimizing the potential for future required plan contributions. As steps were initiated to implement the termination of the defined benefit plan, the investments were transitioned to more liquid assets in order to reflect the upcoming settlement charges which will be incurred upon finalization of the termination plan.

Expected Benefit Payments and Funding

Our pension funding policy is to make the minimum annual contributions required pursuant to the plan. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we made total pension contributions of zero, $0.5 million and $3.7 million, respectively.

During fiscal year 2024, we expect to make a contribution which will fully fund the remaining liability and complete the pension plan termination process. This expected contribution will be dependent on many variables, including the market value of the assets compared to the obligation, as well as other market or regulatory conditions. Accordingly, actual funding amounts and the timing of such funding may differ from current estimates.

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The following table presents the total benefit payments expected to be paid to participants by year, which includes payments funded from our assets, as well as payments paid from the plan for the year ended October 31, (in thousands):


	Pension Benefits
2023	$	22,880
2024	729
2025	770
2026	750
2027	704
2028 - 2032	3,415
Total	$	29,248

Defined Contribution Plan

We also sponsor two defined contribution plans into which we and our employees make contributions. As of January 1, 2020, we match 100% up to the first 5% of employee annual salary deferrals under our plan for all employees excluding NA Cabinet Components participants, who receive a 100% match up to 4% of employee annual salary deferrals. Between January 1, 2018 and January 1, 2020, we matched 50% up to the first 5% of employee salary deferrals. We do not offer our common stock as a direct investment option under these plans. For the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we contributed approximately $6.8 million, $6.3 million and $4.8 million for these plans, respectively.

Other Plans

We have supplemental benefit plans covering certain executive officers and a non-qualified deferred compensation plan covering members of the Board of Directors and certain key employees. Our liability under the supplemental benefit plan was approximately $1.9 million and $2.9 million as of October 31, 2022 and 2021, and our liability under the deferred compensation plan was approximately $3.3 million and $3.4 million, respectively. As of October 31, 2022 and 2021, the current portion of these liabilities was recorded under the caption “Accrued Liabilities,” and the long-term portion was included under the caption “Other Liabilities” in the accompanying balance sheets.

10. Income Taxes

The provision or benefit for income taxes includes U.S. federal income taxes (determined on a consolidated return basis), foreign income taxes and state income taxes. We provide for income taxes on taxable income at the applicable statutory rates. The following table summarizes the components of income tax expense for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Current
Federal	$	11,553	$	10,993	$	6,043
State and local	740		3,447		1,505
Non-United States	7,037		6,889		4,445
Total current	19,330		21,329		11,993
Deferred
Federal	2,127		(842)		(64)
State and local	(229)		(277)		(315)
Non-United States	199		2,904		190
Total deferred	2,097		1,785		(189)
Total income tax expense	$	21,427	$	23,114	$	11,804

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

For financial reporting purposes, income before income taxes for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 includes the following components (in thousands):


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Domestic	$	64,850	$	36,879	$	26,229
Foreign	44,913		43,215		24,071
Total income before income taxes	$	109,763	$	80,094	$	50,300

The following table reconciles our effective income tax rate to the federal statutory rate for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022		2021		2020
United States tax at statutory rate	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%
State and local income tax	0.4	%	3.1	%	1.7	%
Non-United States income tax	(0.8)	%	2.3	%	1.2	%
U.K. patent box benefit	(1.2)	%	(1.4)	%	(2.0)	%
U.S. income tax credits	(3.2)	%	(4.2)	%	(2.3)	%



Net U.S. tax on non-United States earnings	3.2	%	4.2	%	2.5	%



Non-cash compensation	(1.7)	%	1.9	%	(0.3)	%
Other	1.8	%	2.0	%	1.7	%
Effective tax rate	19.5	%	28.9	%	23.5	%

Our earnings from our foreign subsidiaries are not subject to significant withholding taxes upon remittances to the U.S.. As a result, we do not anticipate any significant future tax impacts from any potential repatriation of previously unremitted foreign earnings. The amount of undistributed foreign earnings from international operations as of the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, was $19.8 million and $15.1 million.

Significant components of our net deferred tax liabilities and assets were as follows (in thousands):


	October 31,
	2022		2021
Deferred tax assets:
Employee benefit obligations	$	8,046	$	7,591
Accrued liabilities and reserves	1,430		1,425
Pension and other benefit obligations	1,426		1,934
Inventory	1,409		894
Loss and tax credit carry forwards	1,589		1,857
Other	—		107
Total gross deferred tax assets	13,900		13,808
Less: Valuation allowance	534		1,174
Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance	13,366		12,634
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property, plant and equipment	15,467		11,187
Goodwill and intangibles	20,162		23,412
Other	14		—
Total deferred tax liabilities	35,643		34,599
Net deferred tax liabilities	$	22,277	$	21,965

At October 31, 2022, state operating loss carry forwards totaled $31.3 million. The majority of these losses begin to expire in 2033. We evaluate tax benefits of operating losses and tax credit carry forwards on an ongoing basis, including a review of

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historical and projected future operating results, the eligible carry forward period and other circumstances. We have recorded a valuation allowance for certain state net operating losses as of October 31, 2022 and 2021, totaling $0.5 million and $1.2 million, respectively. During the year ended October 31, 2022, we recorded a net $0.7 million decrease in our state valuation allowances. The valuation allowances can be affected in future periods by changes to tax laws, changes to statutory tax rates, and changes in estimates of future taxable income. To fully realize these net deferred tax assets, we will need to generate sufficient future taxable income in the countries where these tax attributes exist during the periods in which the attributes can be utilized. As of each reporting date, management considers the weight of all evidence, both positive and negative, to determine if a valuation allowance is necessary for each jurisdiction’s net deferred tax assets. We place greater weight on historical evidence over future predictions of our ability to utilize net deferred tax assets. We consider future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences, and taxable income in prior carryback year(s) if carryback is permitted under applicable law.

The following table shows the change in the unrecognized income tax benefit associated with uncertain tax positions for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):


	Unrecognized Income Tax Benefits




Balance at October 31, 2019	$	556

Additions for tax positions related to the prior year	15
Reassessment of position	(49)
Balance at October 31, 2020	$	522

Additions for tax positions related to the prior year	953
Reassessment of position	(87)
Balance at October 31, 2021	$	1,388


Reassessment of position	(27)
Balance at October 31, 2022	$	1,361

As of October 31, 2022, our liability for unrecognized tax benefits of $1.4 million related to certain U.S. federal and state tax items regarding the interpretation of tax laws and regulations, including a minimal amount of interest and penalties. We include all interest and penalties related to uncertain tax benefits within our income tax provision account. To the extent interest and penalties are not assessed with respect to uncertain tax positions or the uncertainty of deductions in the future, amounts accrued will be reduced and reflected as a reduction of the overall income tax provision.

We, along with our subsidiaries, file income tax returns in the U.S. and various state jurisdictions as well as in the U.K., Germany and Canada. In certain jurisdictions, the statute of limitations has not yet expired. We generally remain subject to examination of our U.S. income tax returns for 2018 and subsequent years. We generally remain subject to examination of our various state and foreign income tax returns for a period of four to five years from the date the return was filed. The state impact of any federal changes remains subject to examination by various states for a period of up to one year after formal notification to the state of the federal change.

Judgment is required in assessing the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. The final outcome of the future tax consequences of legal proceedings, if any, changes in regulatory tax laws or interpretation of those tax laws could impact our financial statements. We are subject to the effect of these matters occurring in various jurisdictions. Our total unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, would not materially affect our effective tax rate. The recorded amount of unrecognized tax benefits may decrease by approximately $1.0 million with in the next twelve months as a result of the upcoming closing of a statute of limitations.

11. Commitments and Contingencies

Purchase Obligations

We are a party to non-cancelable purchase obligations primarily for door hardware, primary and secondary steel and primary and secondary aluminum used in our manufacturing processes, as well as expenditures related to capital projects in progress. We paid $11.0 million and $9.9 million pursuant to these arrangements for the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These obligations total $7.6 million and $23.4 million at October 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and extend through fiscal 2023. Future amounts paid pursuant to these arrangements will depend, to some extent, on our usage.

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Asset Retirement Obligation

We maintain an asset retirement obligation associated with a leased facility in Kent, Washington. We have estimated our future cash flows associated with this asset retirement obligation and recorded an asset and corresponding liability. We are depreciating the asset and accreting the liability over a seven-year term, to culminate in an asset retirement obligation of $2.3 million as of February 2025, which is located in Other Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Remediation and Environmental Compliance Costs

Litigation

We have been and are currently party to multiple claims, some of which are in litigation, relating to alleged defects in a commercial sealant product that was manufactured and sold during the 2000’s. While we believe that our product was not defective and that we would prevail in these commercial sealant product claims if taken to trial, the timing, ultimate resolution and potential impact of these claims is not currently determinable. Nevertheless, after taking into account all currently available information, including our defenses, the advice of our counsel, and the extent and currently-expected availability of our existing insurance coverage, we believe that the eventual outcome of these commercial sealant claims will not have a material adverse effect on our overall financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, and we have not recorded any accrual with regard to these claims.

12. Fair Value Measurements of Assets and Liabilities

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy distinguishes between (1) market participant assumptions developed based on market data obtained from independent sources (observable inputs) and (2) an entity's own assumptions about market participant assumptions developed based on the best information available in the circumstances (unobservable inputs). The fair value hierarchy consists of three broad levels, which gives the highest priority to Level 1 and the lowest priority to Level 3. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:

•Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.

•Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the

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asset or liability (e.g., interest rates) and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

•Level 3 - Inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.

Carrying amounts reported on the balance sheets for cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair value due to the short-term maturity of these instruments. Our outstanding debt is variable rate debt that re-prices frequently, thereby limiting our exposure to significant changes in interest rate risk. As a result, the fair value of our debt instruments approximates carrying value at October 31, 2022 and 2021 (Level 2 measurement).

Our restricted stock units and performance share awards are marked-to-market on a quarterly basis during a three-year vesting period based on market data (Level 2 measurement). For further information refer to Note 13. Stock-Based Compensation - Performance Share Awards.

13. Stock-Based Compensation

We have established and maintain an Omnibus Incentive Plan (2020 Plan) that provides for the granting of restricted stock awards, stock options, restricted stock units, performance share awards, performance restricted stock units, and other stock-based and cash-based awards. The 2020 Plan is administered by the Compensation and Management Development Committee of the Board of Directors.

The aggregate number of shares of common stock authorized for grant under the 2020 Plan is 3,139,895 as approved by the shareholders. Any officer, key employee and/or non-employee director is eligible for awards under the 2020 Plan. We grant restricted stock units to non-employee directors on the first business day of each fiscal year. As approved by the Compensation & Management Development Committee of our Board of Directors annually, we grant a mix of restricted stock awards, performance shares and/or performance restricted stock units to officers, management and key employees. We also historically granted stock options to certain officers, directors and key employees. Occasionally, we may make additional grants to key employees at other times during the year.

Restricted Stock Awards

Restricted stock awards are granted to key employees and officers annually, and typically cliff vest over a three-year period with service and continued employment as the only vesting criteria. The recipient of a restricted stock award is entitled to all of the rights of a shareholder, except that the awards are nontransferable during the vesting period. The fair value of the restricted stock award is established on the grant date and then expensed over the vesting period resulting in an increase in additional paid-in-capital. Shares are generally issued from treasury stock at the time of grant.

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QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

A summary of non-vested restricted stock award activity during the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, follows:


	Restricted Stock Awards	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Non-vested at October 31, 2019	230,100	$	17.02
Granted	63,400	18.82
Vested	(55,000)	19.45
Forfeited	(51,000)	17.30
Non-vested at October 31, 2020	187,500	16.82
Granted	73,300	20.68
Vested	(44,400)	20.70
Forfeited	—	—
Non-vested at October 31, 2021	216,400	17.28
Granted	84,400	22.54
Vested	(88,700)	13.74
Forfeited	—	—
Non-vested at October 31, 2022	212,100	$	20.86

The total weighted average grant-date fair value of restricted stock awards that vested during the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $1.2 million, $0.9 million and $1.1 million, respectively. As of October 31, 2022, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unamortized restricted stock awards totaled $1.9 million. We expect to recognize this expense over the remaining weighted average period of 1.8 years.

Stock Options

Historically, stock options have been awarded to key employees, officers and non-employee directors. In December 2017, the Compensation & Management Development Committee of the Board of Directors approved a change to the long-term incentive award program eliminating the grant of stock options and replacing this award with a grant of performance restricted stock units as further described below. As a result, stock options were not granted during the years ended October 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018. Stock options typically vested ratably over a three-year period with service and continued employment as the vesting conditions. Our stock options may be exercised up to a maximum of ten years from the date of grant. The fair value of the stock options was determined on the grant date and expensed over the vesting period resulting in an increase in additional paid-in-capital. We used the Black-Scholes pricing model to estimate the grant date fair value. The inputs to this model included expected volatility, expected term, a risk-free rate and expected dividend rate at the time of grant. For employees who were nearing retirement-eligibility, we recognized stock option expense ratably over the shorter of the vesting period or the period from the grant-date to the retirement-eligibility date.

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QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

The following table summarizes our stock option activity for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.


	Stock Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (000s)
Outstanding at October 31, 2019	1,416,186	$	18.71	4.2	$	1,449
Granted	—	—
Exercised	(215,733)	17.09
Forfeited/Expired	(105,124)	20.28
Outstanding at October 31, 2020	1,095,329	$	18.88	3.6	$	561
Granted	—	—
Exercised	(865,393)	18.80
Forfeited/Expired	(11,632)	18.22
Outstanding at October 31, 2021	218,304	$	19.37	3.4	$	297
Granted	—	—
Exercised	(35,600)	19.36
Forfeited/Expired	(7,587)	19.04
Outstanding at October 31, 2022	175,117	$	19.39	2.9	$	485
Vested at October 31, 2022	175,117	$	19.39	2.9	$	485
Exercisable at October 31, 2022	175,117	$	19.39	2.9	$	485

Intrinsic value is the amount by which the market price of the common stock on the date of exercise exceeds the exercise price of the stock option. For the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the total intrinsic value of our stock options that were exercised totaled $0.2 million, $4.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively. The total fair value of stock options vested during the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, was zero, zero and $0.6 million, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

Restricted stock units may be awarded to key employees and officers from time to time, and annually to non-employee directors. The non-employee director restricted stock units vest immediately but are payable only upon the director's cessation of service unless an election is made by the non-employee director to settle and pay the award on an earlier specified date. Restricted stock units awarded to employees and officers typically cliff vest after a three-year period with service and continued employment as the vesting conditions. Restricted stock units are not considered outstanding shares and do not have voting rights, although the holder does receive a cash payment equivalent to the dividend paid, on a one-for-one basis, on our outstanding common shares. Once the vesting criteria is met, each restricted stock unit is payable to the holder in cash based on the market value of one share of our common stock. Accordingly, we record a liability for the restricted stock units on our balance sheet and recognize any changes in the market value during each reporting period as compensation expense.

During the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, 36,669, 28,826 and 25,621 restricted stock units, respectively, were granted with corresponding weighted average grant date fair value of $22.52, $18.79, and $18.18, respectively. As of October 31, 2022 there were 21,774 unvested restricted stock units from the fiscal 2020 grant with corresponding weighted average grant date fair value of $17.08. During the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we paid $1.0 million, $0.8 million and $0.2 million to settle restricted stock units.

Performance Share Awards

We have awarded annual grants of performance shares to key employees and officers. Beginning with the fiscal year ended October 31, 2019, performance share awards vest with return on net assets (RONA) as the vesting condition, pay out 100% in cash, and are accounted for as liability.

The expected cash settlement of the performance share award is recorded as a liability and is being marked to market over the three-year term of the award, and could fluctuate depending on the number of shares ultimately expected to vest. Depending on the achievement of the performance conditions, 0% to 200% of the awarded performance shares may ultimately vest.

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QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

The following table summarizes our performance share grants and the grant date fair value for the RONA performance metric:



Grant Date	Shares Awarded	Grant Date Fair Value		Shares Forfeited
December 5, 2019	55,900	$	19.40	5,300
December 2, 2020	65,300	$	20.68	—
December 9, 2021	80,900	$	22.54	—

In December 2021, 183,000 shares vested pursuant to the December 2018 grant, which were settled with a cash payment of $3.8 million. In December 2020, the December 2017 grant vested, however, no shares were awarded as performance criteria were not met.

Performance share awards are payable in cash based upon the number of performance shares ultimately earned, and are therefore not considered outstanding shares.

Performance Restricted Stock Units

We awarded performance restricted stock units to key employees and officers. These awards cliff vest upon a three-year service period with the absolute total shareholder return of our common stock over this three-year term as the vesting criteria. The number of performance restricted stock units earned is variable depending on the metric achieved, and the settlement method is 100% in our common stock, with accrued dividends paid in cash at the time of vesting, assuming the shares had been outstanding throughout the performance period.

To value the performance restricted stock units, we utilized a Monte Carlo simulation model to arrive at a grant-date fair value. This amount will be adjusted for forfeitures and expensed over the three-year term of the award with a credit to additional paid-in-capital. Depending on the achievement of the performance conditions, a minimum of 0% and a maximum of 150% of the awarded performance restricted stock units may vest. Specifically, the awards vest on a continuum with the following Absolute Total Shareholder Return (A-TSR) milestones:

Vesting Level

Vesting Criteria

Percentage of Award Vested

Level 1

A-TSR greater than or equal to 50%

150%

Level 2

A-TSR less than 50% and greater than or equal to 20%

100%

Level 3

A-TSR less than 20% and greater than or equal to -20%

50%

Level 4

A-TSR less than -20%

—%

The following table summarizes our performance restricted stock unit grants and the grant date fair value for the A-TSR performance metric:


Grant Date	Shares Awarded	Grant Date Fair Value		Shares Forfeited
December 5, 2019	35,000	$	19.40	—
December 2, 2020	38,400	$	20.68	—
December 9, 2021	50,900	$	21.06	—

The performance restricted stock units are not considered outstanding shares, do not have voting rights, and are excluded from diluted weighted-average shares used to calculate earnings per share until the performance criteria is probable to result in the issuance of contingent shares.

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QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

The following table summarizes amounts expensed as selling, general and administrative expense related to restricted stock awards, stock options, restricted stock units, performance share awards and performance restricted stock units for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Restricted stock awards	$	1,452	$	1,235	$	625
Stock options	—		—		10
Restricted stock units	1,167		1,197		186
Performance share awards	2,373		4,039		(170)
Performance restricted stock units	840		729		515
Total compensation expense	5,832		7,200		1,166
Income tax effect	1,138		2,078		274
Net compensation expense	$	4,694	$	5,122	$	892

14. Stockholders' Equity

As of October 31, 2022, our authorized capital stock consists of 125,000,000 shares of common stock, at par value of $0.01 per share, and 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock, with no par value. As of October 31, 2022 and 2021, we had 37,211,056 and 37,273,510 shares of common stock issued, respectively, and 33,129,250 and 33,274,785 shares of common stock outstanding, respectively. There were no shares of preferred stock issued or outstanding at October 31, 2022 and 2021.

Stock Repurchase Program and Treasury Stock

On August 30, 2018, our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program that authorized the repurchase of up to $60.0 million worth of shares of our common stock. As of October 31, 2021, this share repurchase authorization was exhausted and the program was complete. During December 2021, our Board of Directors approved a new stock repurchase program that authorized the repurchase of up to $75.0 million worth of shares of our common stock. Repurchases under the program are made in open market transactions or privately negotiated transactions, subject to market conditions, applicable legal requirements and other relevant factors. The program does not have an expiration date or a limit on the number of shares that may be purchased. During the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, we purchased 291,000 shares and 478,311 shares, respectively, at a cost of $6.6 million and $11.2 million respectively, under these programs.

We record treasury stock purchases under the cost method whereby the entire cost of the acquired stock is recorded as treasury stock. Shares are generally issued from treasury stock at the time of grant of restricted stock awards, upon the exercise of stock options, and upon the vesting of performance shares and performance restricted stock units. On the subsequent issuance of treasury shares, we record proceeds in excess of cost as an increase in additional paid-in-capital. A deficiency of such proceeds relative to costs would be applied to reduce paid-in-capital associated with prior issuances to the extent available, with the remainder recorded as a charge to retained earnings. We recorded a charge to retained earnings of zero, zero and $0.1 million, in the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

For a summary of treasury stock activity for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, refer to the Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Equity located elsewhere herein.

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QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

15. Other, net

Other income included under the caption “Other, net” on the accompanying consolidated statements of income (loss), consisted of the following (in thousands):


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses)	$	386	$	(98)	$	(42)
Foreign currency exchange derivative gains (losses)	19		—		(15)
Pension service benefit	783		839		243
Interest income	19		5		28
Other	(166)		8		66
Other income	$	1,041	$	754	$	280

16. Segment Information

We present three reportable business segments: (1) NA Fenestration, comprising three operating segments primarily focused on the fenestration market in North America including vinyl profiles, insulating glass spacers, screens & other fenestration components; (2) EU Fenestration, comprising our U.K.-based vinyl extrusion business, manufacturing vinyl profiles & conservatories, and the European insulating glass business manufacturing insulating glass spacers; and (3) NA Cabinet Components, comprising our cabinet door and components segment. We maintain a grouping called Unallocated Corporate & Other, which includes transaction expenses, stock-based compensation, long-term incentive awards based on the performance of our common stock and other factors, certain severance and legal costs not deemed to be allocable to all segments, depreciation of corporate assets, interest expense, other, net, income taxes and inter-segment eliminations, and executive incentive compensation and medical expense fluctuations relative to planned costs as determined during the annual planning process. Other general and administrative costs associated with the corporate office are allocated to the reportable segments, based upon a relative measure of profitability in order to more accurately reflect each reportable business segment's administrative costs. We allocate corporate expenses to businesses acquired mid-year from the date of acquisition. The accounting policies of our operating segments are the same as those used to prepare the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Corporate general and administrative expenses allocated during the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $24.5 million, $21.6 million and $21.7 million, respectively.

ASC Topic 280-10-50, “Segment Reporting” (ASC 280) permits aggregation of operating segments based on factors including, but not limited to: (1) similar nature of products serving the building products industry, primarily the fenestration business; (2) similar production processes, although there are some differences in the amount of automation amongst operating plants; (3) similar types or classes of customers, namely the primary OEMs; (4) similar distribution methods for product delivery, although the extent of the use of third-party distributors will vary amongst the businesses; (5) similar regulatory environment; and (6) converging long-term economic similarities.

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QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

Segment information for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was as follows (in thousands):


	NA Fenestration		EU Fenestration		NA Cabinet Comp.		Unallocated Corp. & Other		Total
Year Ended October 31, 2022
Net sales	$	687,458	$	262,058	$	275,704	$	(3,718)	$	1,221,502
Depreciation and amortization	16,253		9,674		13,830		352		40,109
Operating income (loss)	74,570		40,270		3,245		(6,804)		111,281
Capital expenditures	18,758		7,810		6,454		99		33,121
Total assets	$	279,139	$	223,729	$	176,154	$	45,595	$	724,617
Year Ended October 31, 2021
Net sales	$	578,332	$	251,599	$	246,075	$	(3,857)	$	1,072,149
Depreciation and amortization	18,730		10,373		13,263		366		42,732
Operating income (loss)	56,248		39,299		896		(14,573)		81,870
Capital expenditures	9,966		8,155		5,559		328		24,008
Total assets	$	268,773	$	236,755	$	178,671	$	33,124	$	717,323
Year Ended October 31, 2020
Net sales	$	483,415	$	161,054	$	210,099	$	(2,995)	$	851,573
Depreciation and amortization	23,555		9,468		13,732		474		47,229
Operating income (loss)	39,909		20,076		(2,502)		(2,218)		55,265
Capital expenditures	$	15,761	$	5,435	$	4,423	$	107	$	25,726

The following table summarizes the change in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment for the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):


	NA Fenestration		EU Fenestration		NA Cabinet Comp.		Unallocated Corp. & Other		Total


Balance as of October 31, 2020	$	38,712	$	68,295	$	39,147	$	—	$	146,154

Foreign currency translation adjustment	—		3,051		—		—		3,051
Balance as of October 31, 2021	$	38,712	$	71,346	$	39,147	$	—	$	149,205
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—		(11,350)		—		—		(11,350)
Balance as of October 31, 2022	$	38,712	$	59,996	$	39,147	$	—	$	137,855

For further details of Goodwill, see Note 6, “Goodwill and Intangible Assets”, located herewith.

We did not allocate non-operating expense or income tax expense to the reportable segments. The following table reconciles operating income as reported above to net income for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Operating income	$	111,281	$	81,870	$	55,265
Interest expense	(2,559)		(2,530)		(5,245)
Other, net	1,041		754		280
Income tax expense	(21,427)		(23,114)		(11,804)
Net income	$	88,336	$	56,980	$	38,496

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QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

Geographic Information

Our manufacturing facilities and all long-lived assets are located in the U.S., U.K. and Germany. We attribute our net sales to a geographic region based on the location of the customer. The following tables provide information concerning our net sales for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, and our long-lived assets as of October 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):


	Year Ended October 31,
Net sales	2022		2021		2020
United States	$	911,180	$	778,486	$	654,802
Europe	255,400		244,308		158,831
Canada	31,442		25,007		18,213
Asia	15,021		18,445		11,504
Other foreign countries	8,459		5,903		8,223
Total net sales	$	1,221,502	$	1,072,149	$	851,573


	October 31,
Long-lived assets, net	2022		2021
United States	$	279,616	$	291,282
Germany	41,669		25,513
United Kingdom	118,005		146,158
Total long-lived assets, net	$	439,290	$	462,953

Long-lived assets, net includes: property, plant and equipment, net; goodwill, intangible assets, net, and operating leases.

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QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

17. Earnings Per Share

We compute basic earnings per share by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per common and potential common shares include the weighted average of additional shares associated with the incremental effect of dilutive employee stock options, non-vested restricted stock as determined using the treasury stock method and contingent shares associated with performance share awards, if dilutive.

The computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 follows (in thousands, except per share data):


Year Ended October 31, 2022	Net Income		Weighted Average Shares	Per Share
Basic earnings per common share	$	88,336	33,048	$	2.67
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options			25
Restricted stock awards			100
Performance restricted stock units			32
Diluted earnings per common share	$	88,336	33,205	$	2.66
Year Ended October 31, 2021
Basic earnings per common share	$	56,980	33,193	$	1.72
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options			82
Restricted stock awards			132
Performance restricted stock units			88
Diluted earnings per common share	$	56,980	33,495	$	1.70
Year Ended October 31, 2020
Basic earnings per common share	$	38,496	32,689	$	1.18
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options			10
Restricted stock awards			90
Performance restricted stock units			32






Diluted earnings per common share	$	38,496	32,821	$	1.17

We do not include equity instruments in our calculation of diluted earnings per share if those instruments would be antidilutive. Such dilution is dependent on the excess of the market price of our stock over the exercise price and other components of the treasury stock method. The following table shows anti-dilutive instruments for the three years ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (shares in thousands):


	Year Ended October 31,
	2022	2021	2020
Stock options	—	—	1,032
Restricted stock awards	—	—	—
Performance share awards	—	—	—
Total	—	—	1,032

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QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

18. Unaudited Quarterly Data

Selected quarterly financial data for the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 was as follows (amounts in thousands, except per share amounts):


For the Quarter Ended	January 31, 2022		April 30, 2022		July 31, 2022		October 31, 2022
Net sales	$	267,040	$	322,893	$	324,037	$	307,532
Cost of sales (excluding depreciation and amortization)	211,834		249,651		251,446		240,073
Depreciation and amortization	10,257		10,563		9,734		9,555
Operating income	14,126		34,550		34,035		28,570
Net income	11,239		26,522		25,908		24,667
Basic earnings per share	0.34		0.80		0.79		0.75
Diluted earnings per share	0.34		0.80		0.78		0.75
Cash dividends paid per common share	0.08		0.08		0.08		0.08


For the Quarter Ended	January 31, 2021		April 30, 2021		July 31, 2021		October 31, 2021
Net sales	$	230,147	$	270,357	$	279,877	$	291,768
Cost of sales (excluding depreciation and amortization)	176,397		208,460		219,866		226,818
Depreciation and amortization	11,015		10,845		10,683		10,189
Operating income	11,835		21,380		21,562		27,093
Net income	7,852		14,551		13,679		20,898
Basic earnings per share	0.24		0.44		0.41		0.63
Diluted earnings per share	0.24		0.43		0.41		0.62
Cash dividends paid per common share	0.08		0.08		0.08		0.08

Quarterly earnings per share results may not sum to the consolidated earnings per share results on the accompanying consolidated statements of income due to rounding and changes in weighted average shares during the respective periods.

19. New Accounting Guidance

20. Subsequent Events

On November 1, 2022, we entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with LMI Custom Mixing, LLC (“LMI”) and the equity owners of LMI, Lauren International, Ltd. and Meteor-US-Beteiligungs GMBH. Under the Purchase Agreement, we acquired substantially all of the operating assets comprising LMI’s polymer mixing and rubber compound production business (collectively, the “Purchased Assets”) and also agreed to assume certain liabilities relating to the Purchased Assets (collectively, the “Acquisition”). As consideration for the Purchased Assets, we agreed to pay LMI $92 million in cash, with $7.1 million of this amount funded into escrow substantially as security for the seller parties’ indemnification obligations. To fund the amounts paid in connection with the Acquisition, we used a combination of cash on hand and funds borrowed under our Credit Facility. Subsequent to the acquisition, we had approximately $215 million available for use under the Credit Facility. In connection with the Acquisition, we amended our existing lease with Lauren Real Estate Holding LLC for the purpose of adding an additional lease renewal option and increasing rental space by approximately 60,000 square feet of rental space which was added to the 313,595 square feet of rentable area located in Cambridge, Ohio. The initial accounting for this business combination is in process which includes conducting a valuation analysis to value the assets and liabilities assumed as a result of the Acquisition.

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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (1934 Act) as of October 31, 2022. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of October 31, 2022, the disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Refer to Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting located in “Part 2, Item 8. Financial Information” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Auditor's Report Relating to Effectiveness of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Refer to the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm located in “Part 2, Item 8. Financial Information” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the 1934 Act) during the most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information.

None.

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PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

Pursuant to General Instruction G(3) to Form 10-K, the information on “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance” is incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement relating to the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders of Quanex Building Products Corporation or an amendment to this Form 10-K, which is to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended October 31, 2022.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

Pursuant to General Instruction G(3) to Form 10-K, the information on “Executive Compensation” is incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement relating to the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders of Quanex Building Products Corporation or an amendment to this Form 10-K, which is to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended October 31, 2022.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

Pursuant to General Instruction G(3) to Form 10-K, the information on “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” is incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement relating to the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders of Quanex Building Products Corporation or an amendment to this Form 10-K, which is to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended October 31, 2022.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

Pursuant to General Instruction G(3) to Form 10-K, the information on “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence” is incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement relating to the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders of Quanex Building Products Corporation or an amendment to this Form 10-K, which is to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended October 31, 2022.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

Pursuant to General Instruction G(3) to Form 10-K, the information on “Principal Accountant Fees and Services” is incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement relating to the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders of Quanex Building Products Corporation or an amendment to this Form 10-K, which is to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended October 31, 2022.

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

1. Financial Statements

The financial statements included in this report are listed in the Index to Financial Statements located elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

2. Financial Statement Schedules

Schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the SEC are either not required under the related instructions or inapplicable.

3. Exhibits

The exhibits required to be filed pursuant to Item 15(b) of Form 10-K are listed in the Exhibit Index filed herewith, which Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference. Certain of our exhibits as denoted with a † between exhibits 10.1 through 10.40 listed in the Exhibit Index filed herewith, are management or compensatory plans or arrangements required to be filed as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K pursuant to Item 15(b) thereof.

Table of Contents

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


		QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

Date:	December 16, 2022	/s/ Scott M. Zuehlke
		Scott M. Zuehlke
		Senior Vice President - Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Name

Title

Date

/s/ William C. Griffiths

Chairman of the Board

December 16, 2022

William C. Griffiths

/s/ Susan F. Davis

Director

December 16, 2022

Susan F. Davis

/s/ Curtis M. Stevens

Director

December 16, 2022

Curtis M. Stevens

/s/ Donald R. Maier

Director

December 16, 2022

Donald R. Maier

/s/ Meredith W. Mendes

Director

December 16, 2022

Meredith W. Mendes

/s/ William E. Waltz

Director

December 16, 2022

William E. Waltz

/s/ Jason D. Lippert

Director

December 16, 2022

Jason D. Lippert

/s/ Bradley E. Hughes

Director

December 16, 2022

Bradley E. Hughes

/s/ George L. Wilson

President and Chief Executive Officer

December 16, 2022

George L. Wilson

(Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ Scott M. Zuehlke

Senior Vice President - Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

December 16, 2022

Scott M. Zuehlke

(Principal Financial Officer)

/s/ Mark A. Livingston

Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Controller

December 16, 2022

Mark A. Livingston

(Principal Accounting Officer)

Table of Contents

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number Description of Exhibits


2.1						Distribution Agreement among Quanex Corporation, Quanex Building Products LLC and Quanex Building Products Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Quanex Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-05725) filed with the Commission on December 24, 2007).

2.2						Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of January 31, 2011, by and among Quanex Building Products Corporation, QSB Inc., Lauren Holdco Inc., Lauren International, Inc. and Kevin E. Gray, as agent for the shareholders of Lauren Holdco Inc., filed as Exhibit 2.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 2, 2011, and incorporated herein by reference.

2.3						Limited Liability Company Interest Purchase Agreement dated February 7, 2014, by and among Quanex Building Products Corporation, Nichols Aluminum, LLC and Aleris International Inc., filed as Exhibit 2.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 10, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.

2.4						First Amendment to Limited Liability Company Interest Purchase Agreement dated April 1, 2014, by and among Quanex Building Products Corporation, Nichols Aluminum, LLC and Aleris International Inc., filed as Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 7, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.

2.5						Share Purchase Agreement dated June 15, 2015 by and among R.L. Hartshorn and others, and Quanex Building Products Corporation, filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 16, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference.

2.6						Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of August 30, 2015, by and among Quanex Building Products Corporation, QWMS, Inc., WII Holding, Inc., and Olympus Growth Fund IV, L.P, solely in its capacity as the representative of the stockholders of WII Holding, Inc, filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 30, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference.

2.7						Asset Purchase Agreement, dated November 1, 2022, among Quanex IG Systems, Inc., LMI Custom Mixing, LLC, Lauren International, Ltd. and Meteor-US-Beteiligungs GMBH, filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 1, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference.

3.1						Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant dated as of March 4, 2016, filed as Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 7, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference.

3.2						Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant dated as of February 27, 2020, filed as Exhibit 3.2 of the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Reg. No. 001-33913) for the quarter ended January 31, 2020.

4.1						Form of Registrant’s common stock certificate, filed as Exhibit 4.1 of Amendment No. 1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form 10 (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 14, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.

4.2						Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of July 6, 2022, by and among the Company; the lenders party thereto; and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Agent; filed as Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 6, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.1						Quanex Building Products Corporation Amended and Restated 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.2						Quanex Building Products Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan as amended, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Reg. No. 001-33913) for the quarter ended January 31, 2014, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 6, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.3						Quanex Building Products Corporation Restoration Plan, filed as Exhibit 10.8 of Amendment No. 4 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form 10 (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.4						Quanex Building Products Corporation Supplemental Employees Retirement Plan, filed as Exhibit 10.9 of Amendment No. 4 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form 10 (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.

Table of Contents

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number Description of Exhibits


†10.5						Form of Executive Severance Policy applicable to the Registrant and certain of its executive officers, filed as Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant's current report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 2, 2020 and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.6						Form of Indemnity Agreement between the Registrant and each of its independent directors, filed as Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 29, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.7						Form of Indemnity Agreement between the Registrant and each of its officers, filed as Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 29, 2008, and incorporated herein by reference.





†10.8						Form of Stock Option Agreement for Employees under the Quanex Building Products Corporation 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.9						Form of Stock Option Agreement for Section 16 Officers under the Quanex Building Products Corporation 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.10						Form of Stock Option Agreement for Key Leaders under the Quanex Building Products Corporation 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended, filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K ( Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.11						Form of Stock Option Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Quanex Building Products Corporation 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended, filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.12						Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Section 16 Officers under the Quanex Building Products Corporation 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended, filed as Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.13						Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Key Leaders under the Quanex Building Products Corporation 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended, filed as Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.14						Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Section 16 Officers under the Quanex Building Products Corporation 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended, filed as Exhibit 10.10 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.15						Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Key Leaders under the Quanex Building Products Corporation 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended, filed as Exhibit 10.11 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.1 6						Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors under the Quanex Building Products Corporation 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended, filed as Exhibit 10.12 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.17						Amended Form of Performance Share Award Agreement for Section 16 Officers under the Quanex Building Products Corporation 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 7, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.18						Amended Form of Performance Share Award Agreement for Key Leaders under the Quanex Building Products Corporation 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended, filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 7, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference.

Table of Contents

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number Description of Exhibits


†10.19						Agreement between Quanex Building Products Corporation and Scott Zuehlke, effective November 1, 2019, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 1, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.

10.2 0						Lease dated February 9, 2016, between Garner Properties Ltd. and HL Plastics Limited, filed as Exhibit 10.44 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (Reg. No. 001-33913) for the year ended October 31, 2016, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 16, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference.

10.21						Amended and Completely Restated Lease Agreement dated August 25, 2016, between Lauren Real Estate Holding LLC and Quanex IG Systems, Inc., filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 26, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.2 2						Amended and Restated Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended and restated effective April 1, 2017, filed as Annex A to the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A for its 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (Reg. No 001-33919), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 31, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.2 3						Agreement between Quanex Building Products Corporation and George Wilson, effective August 1, 2017, filed as Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33919) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 27, 2017, and herein incorporated by reference.

†10.24						Form of Key Leader Stock Settled Performance Restricted Stock Units Award Agreement filed as Exhibit 10.50 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (Reg. No. 001-33913) for the year ended October 31, 2017, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 12, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.25						Form of Section 16 Officer Stock Settled Performance Restricted Stock Units Award Agreement filed as Exhibit 10.51 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (Reg. No. 001-33913) for the year ended October 31, 2017, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 12, 2017, and incorporated herein by reference.



†10.26						Agreement between Quanex Building Products Corporation and Mark Livingston, effective November 1, 2019, filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 1, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.27						Agreement between Quanex Building Products Corporation and Paul Cornett, effective November 1, 2019, filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 1, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.28						Quanex Building Products Corporation 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 2, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.29						Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Employees under the Quanex Building Products Corporation 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan, filed as Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Reg. No. 001-33913) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 6, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.30						Form of Annual Incentive Award Agreement for Employees under the Quanex Building Products Corporation 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan, filed as Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Reg. No. 001-33913) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 5, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.31						Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Employees under the Quanex Building Products Corporation 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan, filed as Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Reg. No. 001-33913) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 5, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.32						Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Employees under the Quanex Building Products Corporation 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan, filed as Exhibit 10.3 of the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Reg. No. 001-33913) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 5, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.

Table of Contents

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number Description of Exhibits


†10.33						Form of Performance Share Award Agreement for Employees under the Quanex Building Products Corporation 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan, filed as Exhibit 10.4 of the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Reg. No. 001-33913) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 5, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.34						Form of Performance Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Employees under the Quanex Building Products Corporation 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan, filed as Exhibit 10.5 of the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Reg. No. 001-33913) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 5, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.35						Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for independent Directors under the Quanex Building Products Corporation 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan, filed as Exhibit 10.39 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Reg. No. 001-33913) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 11, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.

10.36						Lease Relating to Land and Buildings at Denby Hall Business Park, Denby, Ripley, Derbyshire, DE5 8JX, dated as of October 21, 2022, by and among Garner Holdings Limited, Liniar Limited, and Ryfields Close Management Company Limited, filed as Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 26, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference.

10.3 7						First Amendment to the Amended and Completely Restated Lease Agreement by and among Quanex IG Systems, Inc. and Lauren Real Estate Holding LLC, dated November 1, 2022, filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 1, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference.

†10.38						Amended Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the Quanex Building Products Corporation 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended , filed as Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Reg. No. 001-33913) as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 9 , 2022 and incorporated herein by reference.

*21.1						Subsidiaries of the Registrant.

*23.1						Consent of Grant Thornton LLP.

*31.1						Certification by chief executive officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a).

*31.2						Certification by chief financial officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a).

*32						Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

*101.INS						XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

*101.SCH						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

*101.CAL						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

*101.DEF						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

*101.LAB						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

*101.PRE						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

* Filed herewith

† Management Compensation or Incentive Plan

As permitted by Item 601(b)(4)(iii)(A) of Regulation S-K, the Registrant has not filed with this Annual Report on Form 10-K certain instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of the Registrant and its subsidiaries because the total amount of securities authorized under any of such instruments does not exceed 10% of the total assets of the Registrant and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. The Registrant agrees to furnish a copy of any such agreements to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.

Document

EXHIBIT 21.1

SUBSIDIARIES OF QUANEX BUILDING PRODUCTS CORPORATION

LOCATION OF INCORPORATION

Quanex North American Fenestration, Inc.

Ohio

Quanex North American Cabinet Components, Inc.

Delaware

Quanex Homeshield LLC

Delaware

Mikron Industries, Inc.

Washington

Mikron Washington LLC

Washington

Quanex IG Systems, Inc.

Ohio

Edgetech Europe GmbH

Germany

Edgetech (UK) LTD.

United Kingdom and Wales

Flamstead Holdings Limited

United Kingdom and Wales

Liniar Ltd.

United Kingdom and Wales

Woodcraft Industries, Inc.

Minnesota

Brentwood Acquisition Corp.

Minnesota

Primewood, Inc.

North Dakota

Document

Exhibit 23.1

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We have issued our reports dated December 16, 2022, with respect to the consolidated financial statements and internal control over financial reporting included in the Annual Report of Quanex Building Products Corporation on Form 10-K for the year ended October 31, 2022. We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference of said reports in the Registration Statements of Quanex Building Products Corporation on Forms S-8 (File No. 333-150392, File No. 333-173245, File No. 333-194812, File No. 333-217118 and File No. 333-237032).

/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

Houston, Texas

December 16, 2022

Document

Exhibit 31.1

CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER CERTIFICATION

I, George L. Wilson, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Quanex Building Products Corporation (the Registrant);

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The Registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures [as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)] and internal control over financial reporting [as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)] for the Registrant and have:

a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the Registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d.Disclosed in this report any change in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the Registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The Registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of Registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

December 16, 2022


/s/ GEORGE L. WILSON
GEORGE L. WILSON
Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Document

Exhibit 31.2

CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER CERTIFICATION

I, Scott M. Zuehlke, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Quanex Building Products Corporation (the Registrant);

b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

December 16, 2022


/S/ Scott M. Zuehlke
Scott M. Zuehlke Senior Vice President - Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer)

Document

Exhibit 32

Certification Pursuant To Section 906

of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

(18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350)

Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Subsections (a) and (b) of Section 1350, Chapter 63 of Title 18, United States Code) (the Act), George L. Wilson, President and Chief Executive Officer of Quanex Building Products Corporation (the Company) and Scott M. Zuehlke, Senior Vice President – Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of the Company, each hereby certify that, to the best of their knowledge:

(a)the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the Report), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

(b)the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

December 16, 2022


/S/ GEORGE L. WILSON						/S/ SCOTT M. ZUEHLKE
GEORGE L. WILSON						SCOTT M. ZUEHLKE
President and Chief Executive Officer						Senior Vice President—Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to Quanex Building Products Corporation and will be retained by Quanex Building Products Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.